Later, Perez and Behdinan [14] applied
improved PSO for optimal design of truss size. A heuristic
particle swarm optimization (HPSO) was then applied for optimum
design of pin-connected structures [15] and truss-structure with
discrete variables [16]. Kaveh and Talatahari [17] combined particle
swarm optimizer and ant colony strategy for optimization of
truss structures. Nevertheless, to our knowledge, less research
has been utilized to optimum design of truss structure with size,
shape and topology variables simultaneously. Recently PSO was
employed to optimize three types of domes considering the
cross-sectional areas of elements, rise for the crown, and the number
of rings as the design variables [18].