Limitations to the Arrhenius Theory
The Arrhenius theory has many more limitations than the other two theories. The theory suggests that in order for a substance to release either H+ or OH- ions, it must contain that particular ion. However, this does not explain the weak base ammonia (NH3), which in the presence of water, releases hydroxide ions into solution, but does not contain OH- itself.
Hydrochloric acid is neutralized by both sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution. In both cases, you get a colourless solution which you can crystallise to get a white salt - either sodium chloride or ammonium chloride. These are clearly very similar reactions. The full equations are:
NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)
NH3(aq)+HCl(aq)→NH4Cl(aq)
In the sodium hydroxide case, hydrogen ions from the acid are reacting with hydroxide ions from the sodium hydroxide - in line with the Arrhenius theory. However, in the ammonia case, there are no hydroxide ions!
You can get around this by saying that the ammonia reacts with the water it is dissolved in to produce ammonium ions and hydroxide ions:
NH3(aq)+H2O(l)⇌NH+4(aq)+OH−(aq)
This is a reversible reaction, and in a typical dilute ammonia solution, about 99% of the ammonia remains as ammonia molecules. Nevertheless, there are hydroxide ions there, and we can squeeze this into the Arrhenius theory. However, this same reaction also happens between ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas.
NH3(g)+HCl(g)→NH4Cl(s)
In this case, there are not any hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in solution - because there isn't any solution. The Arrhenius theory wouldn't count this as an acid-base reaction, despite the fact that it is producing the same product as when the two substances were in solution. Because of this short-coming, later theories sought to better explain the behavior of acids and bases in a new manner.
Limitations to the Arrhenius TheoryThe Arrhenius theory has many more limitations than the other two theories. The theory suggests that in order for a substance to release either H+ or OH- ions, it must contain that particular ion. However, this does not explain the weak base ammonia (NH3), which in the presence of water, releases hydroxide ions into solution, but does not contain OH- itself.Hydrochloric acid is neutralized by both sodium hydroxide solution and ammonia solution. In both cases, you get a colourless solution which you can crystallise to get a white salt - either sodium chloride or ammonium chloride. These are clearly very similar reactions. The full equations are:NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq)→NaCl(aq)+H2O(l)NH3(aq)+HCl(aq)→NH4Cl(aq)In the sodium hydroxide case, hydrogen ions from the acid are reacting with hydroxide ions from the sodium hydroxide - in line with the Arrhenius theory. However, in the ammonia case, there are no hydroxide ions!You can get around this by saying that the ammonia reacts with the water it is dissolved in to produce ammonium ions and hydroxide ions:NH3(aq)+H2O(l)⇌NH+4(aq)+OH−(aq)This is a reversible reaction, and in a typical dilute ammonia solution, about 99% of the ammonia remains as ammonia molecules. Nevertheless, there are hydroxide ions there, and we can squeeze this into the Arrhenius theory. However, this same reaction also happens between ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas.NH3(g)+HCl(g)→NH4Cl(s)In this case, there are not any hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in solution - because there isn't any solution. The Arrhenius theory wouldn't count this as an acid-base reaction, despite the fact that it is producing the same product as when the two substances were in solution. Because of this short-coming, later theories sought to better explain the behavior of acids and bases in a new manner.
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