a Korean study of 79 young adults
(Lin et al., 2015) demonstrated that smartphone addiction
was more strongly associated with use frequency than use
duration. Furthermore, in this study, a comparison of selfreported and application recorded smartphone use time
revealed that participants typically underestimated use time,
with a greater underestimation in participants who used their
smartphones more frequently. Moreover, in another Korean
study of 197 adults (Kwon, Lee et al., 2013), it was reported
that persons with lower education levels were more likely to
have smartphone addiction.