LITERATURE REVIEW AND
HYPOTHESES FORMULATION
Analyses of cigarette demand and
cigarette advertising conducted by Hamilton,
1972; Johnston, 1985; and Davis, 1987
tended to be contradictory. In the case of
cigarette product, many countries restrict the
cigarette advertising and promotion, but
levels of restriction varied. While some
countries have few restrictions, others have
banned both advertising and promotion
completely. This condition happens because
several health journals accuse cigarette advertising
of being the dominant factor of
teenagers smoking intention. In contrast, it
sounds ironic for the cigarette industry; because
there is no space for them to promote
and market their products, even though they
deny advertising their products for targeted
young people (Lemin, 1996). Furthermore,
they argue that cigarette advertising affects
only the brand choice and not the decision to
make everybody smoke.