In this article, we report the findings of our study designed to assess whether humans are directly exposed to cyanotoxins through the consumption of drinking water or indirectly through the consumption of produce irrigated with toxin contaminated water. Our specific questions were: are there cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in water sources of urban and rural environments? Does the mode of water transportation and storage practices affect the growth of cyanobacteria and production of cyanotoxins? Which environmental parameters best predict the presence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins? The specific toxins investigated in this study were the neurotoxins β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), and its isomers N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG), 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB), anatoxin-a(S) and the hepatotoxin microcystin-LR.