David A. Aaker considers that brand equity is “a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand, its name and symbol that add to or subtract from the value provided by a product or service to a firm/or to that firm’s customers”1
.
Although the assets and liabilities on which brand equity is based will differ from context to context, they can be usefully grouped into five categories: brand loyalty, brand name awareness, perceived brand quality, brand associations, and other proprietary brand assets. Aaker’s concept is summarized in Figure 1, the figure illustrating how each brand equity asset/liability generates value for the customer or the firm in a variety of ways.