- ข้อความ
- ประวัติศาสตร์
Study population and design Nursing
Study population and design Nursing homes across the USA were invited to participate in this study. Using a professional data collection service (Synovate Healthcare), invitations to participate were provided through a mass listing of nursing homes across the USA, without regard to regional location or economic status of residents. Institutions excluded from study participation were long-term care facilities, including rehabilitation centers, dialysis clinics, assisted living homes or adult day care centers.
Forty nursing homes who responded to the invitation were able to provide eligible patient data for analysis. These included institutions from the East, Midwest, Central Plains, Northwest, South, and Hawaii. Subject inclusion criteria included: were 18 years of age; had 1Hb level reported during the data uptake period of 1/1/04–2/1/05 (first occurrence defined as index Hb); and had a recorded serum creatinine level, maintained residency in the facility, and did not receive dialysis during the 6-month post-index follow-up period.
Within each nursing home, nurses employed by the institution were asked to: (1) perform a systematic random sampling of all patient charts; (2) review charts on-site to determine if eligibility inclusion criteria were met; (3) record abstracted information from eligible patient charts onto de-identified data collection forms; and (4) send completed data collection forms to a professional data collection and study recruiting service for data entry. The systematic random sampling procedure was initiated by randomly selecting a patient chart and evaluating its eligibility for study inclusion; subsequently, every third chart was selected and evaluated for eligibility. The sampling was to be continued until approximately 15–20 eligible residents were identified for inclusion. A summary of the data abstraction process is shown in Figure 1.
Abstracted data included resident demographics, Hb and serum creatinine, medical history and comorbid conditions (i.e., any diseases or conditions identified within the chart), concurrent medications including therapies for anemia, activities of daily living (ADL), hospital admissions, and incidents of falls. Data were taken from the medical chart as well as from the most recent Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessment. All abstracted data were de-identified in accordance with HIPAA requirements. The earliest Hb level obtained during the uptake period was identified as the index Hb level; the date of this level was the index date. The residents’ clinical parameters, management and any incidents of falls were then followed through the chart for the 6-month period following the index date.
For each resident, GFR, as well as ADL and balance scores were calculated. The chart abstractor was asked to report the serum creatinine level (mg/dL) closest in time to the index Hb level. From this data and age, gender and race reported by the abstractors, researchersused the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) algorithm20. Glomerular filtration rate is calculated using the equation shown in Figure 2.
The method to estimate an ADL score from the ‘ADL self performance’ ratings as reported in the MDS is described in Carpenter et al.21. Performance on seven ADL items (bed mobility, transfer, locomotion, dressing, eating, toilet use and personal hygiene) are each reported in the MDS on a scale from 0 (independent) to 4 (total dependence). The sum of the seven ratings yields a 0- to 28-point ADL score, where a higher score indicates lower ADL performance (greater dependence). This method was also applied to the ‘Test for Balance’ reported in the MDS. The two balance items (balance while standing, balance while sitting)
Forty nursing homes who responded to the invitation were able to provide eligible patient data for analysis. These included institutions from the East, Midwest, Central Plains, Northwest, South, and Hawaii. Subject inclusion criteria included: were 18 years of age; had 1Hb level reported during the data uptake period of 1/1/04–2/1/05 (first occurrence defined as index Hb); and had a recorded serum creatinine level, maintained residency in the facility, and did not receive dialysis during the 6-month post-index follow-up period.
Within each nursing home, nurses employed by the institution were asked to: (1) perform a systematic random sampling of all patient charts; (2) review charts on-site to determine if eligibility inclusion criteria were met; (3) record abstracted information from eligible patient charts onto de-identified data collection forms; and (4) send completed data collection forms to a professional data collection and study recruiting service for data entry. The systematic random sampling procedure was initiated by randomly selecting a patient chart and evaluating its eligibility for study inclusion; subsequently, every third chart was selected and evaluated for eligibility. The sampling was to be continued until approximately 15–20 eligible residents were identified for inclusion. A summary of the data abstraction process is shown in Figure 1.
Abstracted data included resident demographics, Hb and serum creatinine, medical history and comorbid conditions (i.e., any diseases or conditions identified within the chart), concurrent medications including therapies for anemia, activities of daily living (ADL), hospital admissions, and incidents of falls. Data were taken from the medical chart as well as from the most recent Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessment. All abstracted data were de-identified in accordance with HIPAA requirements. The earliest Hb level obtained during the uptake period was identified as the index Hb level; the date of this level was the index date. The residents’ clinical parameters, management and any incidents of falls were then followed through the chart for the 6-month period following the index date.
For each resident, GFR, as well as ADL and balance scores were calculated. The chart abstractor was asked to report the serum creatinine level (mg/dL) closest in time to the index Hb level. From this data and age, gender and race reported by the abstractors, researchersused the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) algorithm20. Glomerular filtration rate is calculated using the equation shown in Figure 2.
The method to estimate an ADL score from the ‘ADL self performance’ ratings as reported in the MDS is described in Carpenter et al.21. Performance on seven ADL items (bed mobility, transfer, locomotion, dressing, eating, toilet use and personal hygiene) are each reported in the MDS on a scale from 0 (independent) to 4 (total dependence). The sum of the seven ratings yields a 0- to 28-point ADL score, where a higher score indicates lower ADL performance (greater dependence). This method was also applied to the ‘Test for Balance’ reported in the MDS. The two balance items (balance while standing, balance while sitting)
0/5000
ศึกษาประชากรและรูปแบบการพยาบาลบ้านทั่วสหรัฐอเมริกาได้รับเชิญให้เข้าร่วมในการศึกษานี้ ใช้บริการชุดเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลระดับมืออาชีพ (ดูแลสุขภาพซินโนเวต), เชิญเข้าร่วมได้ผ่านรายการโดยรวมของสถานพยาบาลในสหรัฐอเมริกา โดยไม่คำนึงถึงภูมิภาคที่ตั้งหรือสถานะทางเศรษฐกิจของผู้อยู่อาศัย สถาบันที่แยกออกจากการศึกษาการมีส่วนร่วมระยะยาวดูแลอำนวยความสะดวก ศูนย์ฟื้นฟูสมรรถภาพ หน่วยคลินิก บ้านอยู่อาศัยความช่วยเหลือ หรือศูนย์ดูแลวันผู้ใหญ่ได้ บ้านพยาบาลสี่สิบที่ตอบรับคำเชิญสามารถให้ข้อมูลสิทธิ์ผู้ป่วยสำหรับการวิเคราะห์ได้ เหล่านี้รวมสถาบันตะวันออก เชลซี ภาคกลาง ตะวันตกเฉียงเหนือ ใต้ และฮาวาย เรื่องเกณฑ์รวมรวม: ถูก อายุ 18 ปี มีรายงานในช่วงเวลาดูดซับข้อมูล 1/1/04-2/1/05 ระดับ 1Hb (แรกเกิดกำหนดเป็นดัชนี Hb); และมีเซรั่มบันทึกระดับ creatinine รักษาถิ่นที่อยู่ในสถานที่ และไม่ได้รับหน่วยช่วง 6 เดือนหลังดัชนีติดตามผล Within each nursing home, nurses employed by the institution were asked to: (1) perform a systematic random sampling of all patient charts; (2) review charts on-site to determine if eligibility inclusion criteria were met; (3) record abstracted information from eligible patient charts onto de-identified data collection forms; and (4) send completed data collection forms to a professional data collection and study recruiting service for data entry. The systematic random sampling procedure was initiated by randomly selecting a patient chart and evaluating its eligibility for study inclusion; subsequently, every third chart was selected and evaluated for eligibility. The sampling was to be continued until approximately 15–20 eligible residents were identified for inclusion. A summary of the data abstraction process is shown in Figure 1. Abstracted data included resident demographics, Hb and serum creatinine, medical history and comorbid conditions (i.e., any diseases or conditions identified within the chart), concurrent medications including therapies for anemia, activities of daily living (ADL), hospital admissions, and incidents of falls. Data were taken from the medical chart as well as from the most recent Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessment. All abstracted data were de-identified in accordance with HIPAA requirements. The earliest Hb level obtained during the uptake period was identified as the index Hb level; the date of this level was the index date. The residents’ clinical parameters, management and any incidents of falls were then followed through the chart for the 6-month period following the index date. For each resident, GFR, as well as ADL and balance scores were calculated. The chart abstractor was asked to report the serum creatinine level (mg/dL) closest in time to the index Hb level. From this data and age, gender and race reported by the abstractors, researchersused the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) algorithm20. Glomerular filtration rate is calculated using the equation shown in Figure 2. The method to estimate an ADL score from the ‘ADL self performance’ ratings as reported in the MDS is described in Carpenter et al.21. Performance on seven ADL items (bed mobility, transfer, locomotion, dressing, eating, toilet use and personal hygiene) are each reported in the MDS on a scale from 0 (independent) to 4 (total dependence). The sum of the seven ratings yields a 0- to 28-point ADL score, where a higher score indicates lower ADL performance (greater dependence). This method was also applied to the ‘Test for Balance’ reported in the MDS. The two balance items (balance while standing, balance while sitting)
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
Study population and design Nursing homes across the USA were invited to participate in this study. Using a professional data collection service (Synovate Healthcare), invitations to participate were provided through a mass listing of nursing homes across the USA, without regard to regional location or economic status of residents. Institutions excluded from study participation were long-term care facilities, including rehabilitation centers, dialysis clinics, assisted living homes or adult day care centers.
Forty nursing homes who responded to the invitation were able to provide eligible patient data for analysis. These included institutions from the East, Midwest, Central Plains, Northwest, South, and Hawaii. Subject inclusion criteria included: were 18 years of age; had 1Hb level reported during the data uptake period of 1/1/04–2/1/05 (first occurrence defined as index Hb); and had a recorded serum creatinine level, maintained residency in the facility, and did not receive dialysis during the 6-month post-index follow-up period.
Within each nursing home, nurses employed by the institution were asked to: (1) perform a systematic random sampling of all patient charts; (2) review charts on-site to determine if eligibility inclusion criteria were met; (3) record abstracted information from eligible patient charts onto de-identified data collection forms; and (4) send completed data collection forms to a professional data collection and study recruiting service for data entry. The systematic random sampling procedure was initiated by randomly selecting a patient chart and evaluating its eligibility for study inclusion; subsequently, every third chart was selected and evaluated for eligibility. The sampling was to be continued until approximately 15–20 eligible residents were identified for inclusion. A summary of the data abstraction process is shown in Figure 1.
Abstracted data included resident demographics, Hb and serum creatinine, medical history and comorbid conditions (i.e., any diseases or conditions identified within the chart), concurrent medications including therapies for anemia, activities of daily living (ADL), hospital admissions, and incidents of falls. Data were taken from the medical chart as well as from the most recent Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessment. All abstracted data were de-identified in accordance with HIPAA requirements. The earliest Hb level obtained during the uptake period was identified as the index Hb level; the date of this level was the index date. The residents’ clinical parameters, management and any incidents of falls were then followed through the chart for the 6-month period following the index date.
For each resident, GFR, as well as ADL and balance scores were calculated. The chart abstractor was asked to report the serum creatinine level (mg/dL) closest in time to the index Hb level. From this data and age, gender and race reported by the abstractors, researchersused the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) algorithm20. Glomerular filtration rate is calculated using the equation shown in Figure 2.
The method to estimate an ADL score from the ‘ADL self performance’ ratings as reported in the MDS is described in Carpenter et al.21. Performance on seven ADL items (bed mobility, transfer, locomotion, dressing, eating, toilet use and personal hygiene) are each reported in the MDS on a scale from 0 (independent) to 4 (total dependence). The sum of the seven ratings yields a 0- to 28-point ADL score, where a higher score indicates lower ADL performance (greater dependence). This method was also applied to the ‘Test for Balance’ reported in the MDS. The two balance items (balance while standing, balance while sitting)
Forty nursing homes who responded to the invitation were able to provide eligible patient data for analysis. These included institutions from the East, Midwest, Central Plains, Northwest, South, and Hawaii. Subject inclusion criteria included: were 18 years of age; had 1Hb level reported during the data uptake period of 1/1/04–2/1/05 (first occurrence defined as index Hb); and had a recorded serum creatinine level, maintained residency in the facility, and did not receive dialysis during the 6-month post-index follow-up period.
Within each nursing home, nurses employed by the institution were asked to: (1) perform a systematic random sampling of all patient charts; (2) review charts on-site to determine if eligibility inclusion criteria were met; (3) record abstracted information from eligible patient charts onto de-identified data collection forms; and (4) send completed data collection forms to a professional data collection and study recruiting service for data entry. The systematic random sampling procedure was initiated by randomly selecting a patient chart and evaluating its eligibility for study inclusion; subsequently, every third chart was selected and evaluated for eligibility. The sampling was to be continued until approximately 15–20 eligible residents were identified for inclusion. A summary of the data abstraction process is shown in Figure 1.
Abstracted data included resident demographics, Hb and serum creatinine, medical history and comorbid conditions (i.e., any diseases or conditions identified within the chart), concurrent medications including therapies for anemia, activities of daily living (ADL), hospital admissions, and incidents of falls. Data were taken from the medical chart as well as from the most recent Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessment. All abstracted data were de-identified in accordance with HIPAA requirements. The earliest Hb level obtained during the uptake period was identified as the index Hb level; the date of this level was the index date. The residents’ clinical parameters, management and any incidents of falls were then followed through the chart for the 6-month period following the index date.
For each resident, GFR, as well as ADL and balance scores were calculated. The chart abstractor was asked to report the serum creatinine level (mg/dL) closest in time to the index Hb level. From this data and age, gender and race reported by the abstractors, researchersused the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) algorithm20. Glomerular filtration rate is calculated using the equation shown in Figure 2.
The method to estimate an ADL score from the ‘ADL self performance’ ratings as reported in the MDS is described in Carpenter et al.21. Performance on seven ADL items (bed mobility, transfer, locomotion, dressing, eating, toilet use and personal hygiene) are each reported in the MDS on a scale from 0 (independent) to 4 (total dependence). The sum of the seven ratings yields a 0- to 28-point ADL score, where a higher score indicates lower ADL performance (greater dependence). This method was also applied to the ‘Test for Balance’ reported in the MDS. The two balance items (balance while standing, balance while sitting)
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
ประชากรศึกษาและบ้านออกแบบในสหรัฐอเมริกาได้รับเชิญให้เข้าร่วมในการศึกษานี้ ใช้บริการเก็บข้อมูลแบบมืออาชีพ ( Synovate ) ) เชิญเข้าร่วมให้ความรู้ผ่านมวลรายชื่อสถานพยาบาลทั่วประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา โดยไม่เกี่ยวกับสถานที่ในระดับภูมิภาค หรือสถานะทางเศรษฐกิจของชาวบ้าน Institutions excluded from study participation were long-term care facilities, including rehabilitation centers, dialysis clinics, assisted living homes or adult day care centers.
Forty nursing homes who responded to the invitation were able to provide eligible patient data for analysis. These included institutions from the East, Midwest, Central Plains, Northwest, South, and Hawaii. Subject inclusion criteria included: were 18 years of age; had 1Hb level reported during the data uptake period of 1/1/04–2/1/05 (first occurrence defined as index Hb); and had a recorded serum creatinine level, maintained residency in the facility, and did not receive dialysis during the 6-month post-index follow-up period.
Within each nursing home,พยาบาลที่ใช้โดยสถาบันผลการวิจัยพบว่า : ( 1 ) แสดงการสุ่มเลือกของแผนภูมิผู้ป่วยทั้งหมด ( 2 ) ทบทวนแผนภูมิในโรงแรมเพื่อตรวจสอบว่าเกณฑ์การมีสิทธิ์ได้เจอ ; ( 3 ) บันทึกสรุปข้อมูลจากสิทธิผู้ป่วยแผนภูมิบน เดอ ระบุแบบฟอร์มการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูล( 4 ) ส่งแบบฟอร์มการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลเสร็จสมบูรณ์เพื่อมืออาชีพ รวบรวมข้อมูลและศึกษาการสรรหาบริการบันทึกข้อมูล โดยการสุ่มตัวอย่างแบบมีระบบขั้นตอนคือริเริ่มโดยสุ่มเลือกผู้ป่วยแผนภูมิและประเมินคุณสมบัติของการรวม ; การศึกษา ; ต่อมาทุก 3 แผนภูมิถูกเลือกและประเมินหาสิทธิ The sampling was to be continued until approximately 15–20 eligible residents were identified for inclusion. A summary of the data abstraction process is shown in Figure 1.
Abstracted data included resident demographics, Hb and serum creatinine, medical history and comorbid conditions (i.e., any diseases or conditions identified within the chart), concurrent medications including therapies for anemia, activities of daily living (ADL), hospital admissions, and incidents of falls. Data were taken from the medical chart as well as from the most recent Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessment. All abstracted data were de-identified in accordance with HIPAA requirements.ระดับฮีโมโกลบินแรกสุดที่ได้รับในช่วงระยะเวลาการใช้ที่ถูกระบุว่าเป็นระดับดัชนี HB ; วันที่ของระดับนี้คือวันที่ดัชนี ที่พักในคลินิกพารามิเตอร์ การจัดการ และเหตุการณ์ใด ๆ ของตก แล้วตามด้วยแผนภูมิสำหรับ 6 เดือนตามวันที่ดัชนี .
สำหรับแต่ละ resident GFR เช่นเดียวกับ ADL และความสมดุลของคะแนนที่ได้ The chart abstractor was asked to report the serum creatinine level (mg/dL) closest in time to the index Hb level. From this data and age, gender and race reported by the abstractors, researchersused the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) algorithm20. Glomerular filtration rate is calculated using the equation shown in Figure 2.
วิธีคำนวณหาคะแนนจากการประเมินตนเอง การประเมินประสิทธิภาพ ' เรตติ้ง ' ตามที่รายงานในคดีดำที่อธิบายไว้ในช่างไม้และ al.21 . แสดง 7 รายการ ADL ( เตียง ) , โอน , ของตกแต่ง , กิน , ห้องน้ำใช้และสุขอนามัยส่วนบุคคล ) แต่ละรายงานใน MDS จากระดับ 0 ( อิสระ ) 4 ( ขึ้นอยู่กับจำนวน ) The sum of the seven ratings yields a 0- to 28-point ADL score, where a higher score indicates lower ADL performance (greater dependence). This method was also applied to the ‘Test for Balance’ reported in the MDS. The two balance items (balance while standing, balance while sitting)
Forty nursing homes who responded to the invitation were able to provide eligible patient data for analysis. These included institutions from the East, Midwest, Central Plains, Northwest, South, and Hawaii. Subject inclusion criteria included: were 18 years of age; had 1Hb level reported during the data uptake period of 1/1/04–2/1/05 (first occurrence defined as index Hb); and had a recorded serum creatinine level, maintained residency in the facility, and did not receive dialysis during the 6-month post-index follow-up period.
Within each nursing home,พยาบาลที่ใช้โดยสถาบันผลการวิจัยพบว่า : ( 1 ) แสดงการสุ่มเลือกของแผนภูมิผู้ป่วยทั้งหมด ( 2 ) ทบทวนแผนภูมิในโรงแรมเพื่อตรวจสอบว่าเกณฑ์การมีสิทธิ์ได้เจอ ; ( 3 ) บันทึกสรุปข้อมูลจากสิทธิผู้ป่วยแผนภูมิบน เดอ ระบุแบบฟอร์มการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูล( 4 ) ส่งแบบฟอร์มการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลเสร็จสมบูรณ์เพื่อมืออาชีพ รวบรวมข้อมูลและศึกษาการสรรหาบริการบันทึกข้อมูล โดยการสุ่มตัวอย่างแบบมีระบบขั้นตอนคือริเริ่มโดยสุ่มเลือกผู้ป่วยแผนภูมิและประเมินคุณสมบัติของการรวม ; การศึกษา ; ต่อมาทุก 3 แผนภูมิถูกเลือกและประเมินหาสิทธิ The sampling was to be continued until approximately 15–20 eligible residents were identified for inclusion. A summary of the data abstraction process is shown in Figure 1.
Abstracted data included resident demographics, Hb and serum creatinine, medical history and comorbid conditions (i.e., any diseases or conditions identified within the chart), concurrent medications including therapies for anemia, activities of daily living (ADL), hospital admissions, and incidents of falls. Data were taken from the medical chart as well as from the most recent Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessment. All abstracted data were de-identified in accordance with HIPAA requirements.ระดับฮีโมโกลบินแรกสุดที่ได้รับในช่วงระยะเวลาการใช้ที่ถูกระบุว่าเป็นระดับดัชนี HB ; วันที่ของระดับนี้คือวันที่ดัชนี ที่พักในคลินิกพารามิเตอร์ การจัดการ และเหตุการณ์ใด ๆ ของตก แล้วตามด้วยแผนภูมิสำหรับ 6 เดือนตามวันที่ดัชนี .
สำหรับแต่ละ resident GFR เช่นเดียวกับ ADL และความสมดุลของคะแนนที่ได้ The chart abstractor was asked to report the serum creatinine level (mg/dL) closest in time to the index Hb level. From this data and age, gender and race reported by the abstractors, researchersused the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) algorithm20. Glomerular filtration rate is calculated using the equation shown in Figure 2.
วิธีคำนวณหาคะแนนจากการประเมินตนเอง การประเมินประสิทธิภาพ ' เรตติ้ง ' ตามที่รายงานในคดีดำที่อธิบายไว้ในช่างไม้และ al.21 . แสดง 7 รายการ ADL ( เตียง ) , โอน , ของตกแต่ง , กิน , ห้องน้ำใช้และสุขอนามัยส่วนบุคคล ) แต่ละรายงานใน MDS จากระดับ 0 ( อิสระ ) 4 ( ขึ้นอยู่กับจำนวน ) The sum of the seven ratings yields a 0- to 28-point ADL score, where a higher score indicates lower ADL performance (greater dependence). This method was also applied to the ‘Test for Balance’ reported in the MDS. The two balance items (balance while standing, balance while sitting)
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
ภาษาอื่น ๆ
การสนับสนุนเครื่องมือแปลภาษา: กรีก, กันนาดา, กาลิเชียน, คลิงออน, คอร์สิกา, คาซัค, คาตาลัน, คินยารวันดา, คีร์กิซ, คุชราต, จอร์เจีย, จีน, จีนดั้งเดิม, ชวา, ชิเชวา, ซามัว, ซีบัวโน, ซุนดา, ซูลู, ญี่ปุ่น, ดัตช์, ตรวจหาภาษา, ตุรกี, ทมิฬ, ทาจิก, ทาทาร์, นอร์เวย์, บอสเนีย, บัลแกเรีย, บาสก์, ปัญจาป, ฝรั่งเศส, พาชตู, ฟริเชียน, ฟินแลนด์, ฟิลิปปินส์, ภาษาอินโดนีเซี, มองโกเลีย, มัลทีส, มาซีโดเนีย, มาราฐี, มาลากาซี, มาลายาลัม, มาเลย์, ม้ง, ยิดดิช, ยูเครน, รัสเซีย, ละติน, ลักเซมเบิร์ก, ลัตเวีย, ลาว, ลิทัวเนีย, สวาฮิลี, สวีเดน, สิงหล, สินธี, สเปน, สโลวัก, สโลวีเนีย, อังกฤษ, อัมฮาริก, อาร์เซอร์ไบจัน, อาร์เมเนีย, อาหรับ, อิกโบ, อิตาลี, อุยกูร์, อุสเบกิสถาน, อูรดู, ฮังการี, ฮัวซา, ฮาวาย, ฮินดี, ฮีบรู, เกลิกสกอต, เกาหลี, เขมร, เคิร์ด, เช็ก, เซอร์เบียน, เซโซโท, เดนมาร์ก, เตลูกู, เติร์กเมน, เนปาล, เบงกอล, เบลารุส, เปอร์เซีย, เมารี, เมียนมา (พม่า), เยอรมัน, เวลส์, เวียดนาม, เอสเปอแรนโต, เอสโทเนีย, เฮติครีโอล, แอฟริกา, แอลเบเนีย, โคซา, โครเอเชีย, โชนา, โซมาลี, โปรตุเกส, โปแลนด์, โยรูบา, โรมาเนีย, โอเดีย (โอริยา), ไทย, ไอซ์แลนด์, ไอร์แลนด์, การแปลภาษา.
- ฉันดีใจที่คุณชอบ
- 1. การพัฒนาศักยภาพทางเศรษฐกิจใน 6 เขตเศร
- Authenticity certificate card
- บางครั้งฉันกลับถึงบ้าน ฉันลืมทานอาหารค่ำ
- คุณก็รู้ว่าฉันรักคุณมากแค่ไหน
- 태국여성들은 예쁘다고 들었어요
- howzz this
- when next come to korea
- pre industrial society
- you are good boyfriend for me that enoug
- การเลี้ยงผึ้งจะมาตรวจเยี่ยมเพื่อเก็บน้ำผ
- ฉันไปฟิตเนสแล้ว
- ฉันแต่งงานแล้ว
- when next come to korea
- 사귀는 사람있어요??
- คุณชื่ออะไร
- Someday i will visit!!haha
- Which markets to enter
- ฉันเขียนภาษาญี่ปุ่นถูกไหม
- คุณรู้ใช่มั้ย
- You annoy me
- พลาสติกอันตรายเพราะมีสารเคมี
- HDTV offers a vertical resolution displa
- Only i mesage him that u dont look like
