Reactions[edit]
Strained cycloalkynes are able to undergo all addition reactions typical to open chain alkynes. Due to the activated nature of the cyclic carbon-carbon triple bond, many alkyne addition-type reactions such as the Diels-Alder, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and halogenation may be performed using very mild conditions and in the absence of the catalysts frequently required to accelerate the transformation in an acyclic system. In addition to alkyne reactivity, cycloalkynes are able to undergo a number of unique, synthetically useful transformations.
Cyclohexyne Ring Insertion[edit]
One particularly intriguing mode of reactivity is the ring insertion of cyclohexyne into cyclic ketones. The reaction is initiated by the alkoxide mediated generation of the reactive cycloalkyne species in situ, followed by the α deprotonation of the ketone to yield the corresponding enolate. The two compounds then undergo a formal 2+2 photocycloaddition to yield a highly unstable cyclobutanolate intermediate which readily decomposes to the enone product. [17] This reaction was utilized as the key step in Carreira’s total synthesis of guanacastapenes O and N. It allowed for the expedient construction of the 5-7-6 ring system and provided useful synthetic handles for subsequent functionalization. [18][19]
Copper-Free Click Reaction with Cyclooctyne[edit]
Cyclooctyne, the smallest isolable cycloalkyne is able to undergo azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition under mild, physiological conditions in the absence of Cu(I) catalyst due to strain. This reaction has found widespread application as a bioorthogonal transformation for live cell imaging. [20] Although the mild, copper catalyzed variant of the reaction, CuAAC (Copper-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition) with linear alkynes had been known, development of the copper-free reaction was significant in that it provided facile reactivity while eliminating the need for a toxic metal catalyst. [21]
Reactions[edit]Strained cycloalkynes are able to undergo all addition reactions typical to open chain alkynes. Due to the activated nature of the cyclic carbon-carbon triple bond, many alkyne addition-type reactions such as the Diels-Alder, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and halogenation may be performed using very mild conditions and in the absence of the catalysts frequently required to accelerate the transformation in an acyclic system. In addition to alkyne reactivity, cycloalkynes are able to undergo a number of unique, synthetically useful transformations.Cyclohexyne Ring Insertion[edit]One particularly intriguing mode of reactivity is the ring insertion of cyclohexyne into cyclic ketones. The reaction is initiated by the alkoxide mediated generation of the reactive cycloalkyne species in situ, followed by the α deprotonation of the ketone to yield the corresponding enolate. The two compounds then undergo a formal 2+2 photocycloaddition to yield a highly unstable cyclobutanolate intermediate which readily decomposes to the enone product. [17] This reaction was utilized as the key step in Carreira’s total synthesis of guanacastapenes O and N. It allowed for the expedient construction of the 5-7-6 ring system and provided useful synthetic handles for subsequent functionalization. [18][19]Copper-Free Click Reaction with Cyclooctyne[edit]Cyclooctyne, cycloalkyne isolable น้อยที่สุดที่จะได้รับแอลไคน์ azide Huisgen cycloaddition สภาวะอ่อน สรีรวิทยาในการขาดงานของ catalyst Cu(I) เนื่องจากต้องใช้ ปฏิกิริยานี้ได้พบโปรแกรมประยุกต์ bioorthogonal การแปลงสำหรับภาพเซลล์ที่ถ่ายทอดสดแพร่ [20] แม้ว่าการรู้จักตัวแปรกระบวนอ่อน ทองแดงของปฏิกิริยา CuAAC (ทองแดงกระบวนแอลไคน์ Azide Cycloaddition) กับ alkynes เส้น พัฒนาปฏิกิริยาฟรีทองแดงสำคัญในการที่จะให้เกิดปฏิกิริยาร่มขณะฟันเศษโลหะเป็นพิษ [21]
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