rom late 1800's influence of social Darwinism (control children's environment so as to make "better" species)
"all industrialized societies emphasize achievement and organization"
social environments shape childhood (and adult) behaviour . . . therefore adults control children's environments
e.g. team sports would teach low SES boys to cooperate
e.g. strenuous physical activities create assertive competitive men
e.g. quiet games for girls -> able mothers and homemakers
much development of organized youth programs since WWII (Baby Boom?)
involvement of parents
progams primarily oriented toward boys between 8-14 years
since 1970's more emphasis on female sport
'83 Miller Lite Report:
62% of parents had kids in some type of organized sport activity
85% of general public feel coach's task is taken too seriously.....too much emphasis on winning