Our work on process indicators draws significantly from the literature on natural resources management
in developing countries, where by necessity, because of the lack of financial resources, public
participation has longer been a focus of development efforts. When implemented correctly, academics
and resource management agencies have documented the positive benefits of public participation and
civic empowerment as part of the process of better land and resources management. The conclusions of
this work are that the process of protecting and managing water resources is necessarily linked to
building, strengthening, and expanding the definition of community—and as such that watershed
management must be related to community development and empowerment more broadly defined
(Shaxson 1999). This means valuing local knowledge and local ways of knowing—not just as a way to
get citizens to accept the conventional scientific wisdom, but as a way of expanding the learning and
decision making process (Chambers 1983; Cortner and Moote 1999). Deutsch (1997), for instance,
describes how locals in community-based watershed projects in both Alabama and the Philippines
developed more effective means of measuring water quality at the local level than the implementing
federal and state level agencies had developed. To understand the parameters for developing indicators of
process, we have conducted a brief overview of participatory approaches to research and development.
Our work on process indicators draws significantly from the literature on natural resources managementin developing countries, where by necessity, because of the lack of financial resources, publicparticipation has longer been a focus of development efforts. When implemented correctly, academicsand resource management agencies have documented the positive benefits of public participation andcivic empowerment as part of the process of better land and resources management. The conclusions ofthis work are that the process of protecting and managing water resources is necessarily linked tobuilding, strengthening, and expanding the definition of community—and as such that watershedmanagement must be related to community development and empowerment more broadly defined(Shaxson 1999). This means valuing local knowledge and local ways of knowing—not just as a way toget citizens to accept the conventional scientific wisdom, but as a way of expanding the learning anddecision making process (Chambers 1983; Cortner and Moote 1999). Deutsch (1997), for instance,describes how locals in community-based watershed projects in both Alabama and the Philippinesdeveloped more effective means of measuring water quality at the local level than the implementingfederal and state level agencies had developed. To understand the parameters for developing indicators ofprocess, we have conducted a brief overview of participatory approaches to research and development.
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