In terms of the expectancy theory, Simpson has a very strong valence toward a promotion. He probably considers this the most crucial aspect and what drives him to perform. It is his ultimate goal and the outcome that he has most sought after. If he doesn’t rate the outcome of a promotion as a +10, then he rates it very close to this. Therefore, the instrumentality associated with this is incredibly high. Simpson feels a need to expend a great deal of effort because he sees that as the way to get a promotion. Since Simpson relates the outcome of a promotion with performance, at least before Coleman gets his promotion, he would give a very high instrumentality rating somewhere close to 1 probably in the .9 to 1 range. Since instrumentality is a ratio, .9 would be a very high level of instrumentality.