Unless otherwise stated, all experiments were carried out in triplicate: mean values and standard deviations were calculated based on the values for the different factors studied.
Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine significant differences (p < 0.05) in temperature and flow rate. One-way ANOVA was used to determine significant differences (p < 0.05) in survival, surface tension and moisture content. All statistical analyses were performed using Minitab16 software, State College, PA Inc.