Environmental sustainability
From a public / national policy perspective, environmental sustainability in logistics is focused on reduction of negative externalities from transport such as emissions, contamination and noise as well as reducing the energy use of the sector. The European Union has set an ambitious goal of reducing transport-related emissions by at least 60% in 1990 levels by 2050 (European Commission, 2011c). Total carbon footprint estimation for freight trips is encouraged through the adoption of greenhouse