THE GENUINE AND THE SPURIOUS IN THE RĀMĀYAṆA
It cannot be doubted that the entire seventh book of the Rāmāyaṇa has been added only later on. But it has been known since a very long time that the entire first book cannot have belonged to the original work of Vālmīki. Not only are there numerous internal self-contradictions in this book but also the language and style show themselves as inferior in quality to those of Books II to VI. Further, nowhere in the genuine parts of the poem is any reference made to the events of the first book. In fact, in this book we find statements which exactly contradict statements of the later books. Only in the first and seventh book is Rārma understood as a divine being, an incarnation of god Viṣṇu. But for a few certainly interpolated texts2 he is, in the books II to VI, throughout always only a human hero and in all the parts of the epic which are doubtlessly genuine, there is not a single trace to show that he would have been thought as an incarnation of Viṣṇu. Wherever in the genuine parts of the poem mythology is in play, it is not Viṣṇu, but god Indra who is considered as the highest god in the Veda. For the two books I and VII it is also typical that in them, as we have seen, the thread of the narration often snaps and numerous Brahmanic myths and legends were interpolated as in the case of the Mahābhārata and the Purāṇas. Such things occur only at very few places in the Books II and VI. The additions and enlargements in these books they are numerous enough are of a quite different type. They consist mainly in this that just the most beautiful and popular texts have been, as far as possible, elaborated by the reciters, and increased by their own inventions. In fact we must imagine the transmission of the Rāmāyaṇa through centuries in the following manner: It was transmitted orally as in the manner of Kuśa and Lava in the Uttara-Kāṇḍa for a long time (perhaps for centuries). These reciters and travelling musicians considered the epic songs as their property with which they took all sorts of liberties. Now, if they noticed that the listeners were moved with the touching lamentation of Sītā, of Daśaratha or of Kauśalyā they composed some more verses in addition in order to spend some more time in that context, if the battle-scenes found special favour with a war like public then it was always easy for the reciters to bring new heroes to fight duels; they could always get a few thousands or tens of thousands of monkeys or Rākṣasas slaughtered or narrate a heroic deed already once narrated in a slightly altered form, if listeners found pleasure in comic scenes particularly where the monkeys appear, then it was a temptation for the reciter, not only to spin out such scenes but also to compose more such new ones; if he had a learned audience consisting of Brahmins then he sought to win their favour by spinning out the didactic pieces, by adding new moral verses or by interpolating moral sayings that they had taken from somewhere; lastly many ambitious rhapsodes have elaborated the descriptions of nature found popular certainly in the ancient and genuine poetry by means of additions in the style of the ornate poetry of royal courts.1 But the Rāmāyaṇa got a somewhat fixed form just like the Mahābhārata - perhaps only when it was reduced to writing.2 This must have happened at a time when the poem was already so famous and beloved, that it was already considered as an act of religious merit, to read and hear it and that the heaven was promised to those who copied it down.3 But the more one copied of such a splendid and salutary poem "that bestows long life, health, fame, good brothers and understanding”,4 the more certainly did one go to heaven. Therefore the early collectors and compilers who reduced the poem to writing did not consider it as their duty to sift critically what they received, to separate the genuine from the spurious but to them everything was rather welcome which offered itself under the title "Ramayana".
But we can speak only of a “somewhat” fixed form of the Rāmāyaṇa, because the manuscripts in which the epic has come down to us vary from one another very much, and there are at least three different recensions of the text which represent the transmission in the various regions of India. These recensions differ from one another not only with respect to individual readings but also in this that in each of them verses, longer texts and even whole cantos occur which are missing in the others; also the order of the verses is not the same in the different versions. The most widely spread (both in the north and the south of India) and probably also the oldest recension is the one which Jacobi designated as "C" and which has been printed many times in Bombay.2 The only complete edition that appeared in Europe, that of G. Gorresio2 contains the Bengal recension. The text of the North-Western Indian (Western Indian, Kashmiri) recension is now being printed at Lahore .3 That there are great differences between the recensions proves only the presumption of oral transmission of the text. It is understandable that the order of the verses in the memory of rhapsodes gets shifted, that the text had to undergo often significant changes and that the reciters of the various regions made their own additions and elaborations. What is common to all the three recensions is that all of them contain seven books, and that in each of them spurious texts occur by the side of the genuine ones. An “original text” of the Rāmāyaṇa is therefore not to be had in any of the recensions; but the absence of a text in one of the recensions is always a justified ground for suspicion against its genuineness. And in general it is in any case more easy in the case of the Rāmāyaṇa than in that of the Mahābhārata to isolate the spurious and the more recent portions. "As in the case of some of our old venerable cathedrals”, says Jacobi1 “every coming generation has added something new and repaired the old without the original layout being in any way obliterated in spite of all built up chapels and steeples; thus many generations of singers have been working at the Rāmāyaṇa; but the old nucleus, round which so much has grown about is easily recognisable in its main features even if not in minute details". Jacobi himself has proved irrefutably in his work, "Das Rāmāyaṇa" a large number of additions and elaborations as such. That when an attempt is made to prepare a critical edition of the text perhaps only one fourth of the 24,000 verses of the Rāmāyaṇa handed down to us would turn out to be "genuine", does not speak anything against the justification of the criticism.2 It is only on account of the large number of the "spurious" in the Indian epics that we are more often disappointed while reading those which rouse great admiration in us. And when we compare the Indian with the Greek epics with respect to their artistic value if the result should necessarily turn out against the former ones, then the people responsible for this are not the poets of ancient India but rather those poetasters who have elaborated and mutilated the old cantos by means of their own additions and changes. The “shapelessly fermenting verbosity” of which Friedrich Rūckert reproaches the Rāmāyaṇa, is certainly more often on account of the Vālmīkites than of Vālmīki himself. On the whole however the German poet is certainly right when he seeks the beauty of the Indian poetry somewhere else than that of the Greek, saying:" Such fantastic grievances, such shapelessly fermenting verbosity, As the Rāmāyaṇa offers you, that Homer has Certainly taught you to despise, but yet such high thinking And such profound heart even the
Ilias does not show you.
แท้และเก๊ใน RĀMĀYAṆA มันไม่มี doubted ว่า หนังสือทั้งเจ็ดของ Rāmāyaṇa มีการเพิ่มเฉพาะในภายหลัง แต่ที่รู้จักตั้งแต่เป็นเวลานานที่จองแรกทั้งหมดไม่ได้เป็นสมาชิกงานต้นฉบับของ Vālmīki ไม่มี self-contradictions มากมายภายในหนังสือเล่มนี้ แต่ภาษาและลักษณะแสดงตัวเองเป็นเบี้ยล่างให้บรรดาหนังสือ II กับ VI ต่อไป ไม่มีที่ไหนในส่วนของแท้ของกลอนได้อ้างอิงใด ๆ ทำเหตุการณ์ในหนังสือครั้งแรก ในความเป็นจริง ในหนังสือเล่มนี้ เราหางบที่ว่าขัดแย้งกับรายงานเล่มในภายหลัง ในบัญชีแรก และเจ็ด Rārma เข้าใจว่าเป็นพระถูก การลงพระ Viṣṇu แต่สำหรับกี่ texts2 interpolated แน่นอนเขาเป็น ในหนังสือ II กับ VI ตลอดเสมอเท่ามนุษย์ฮีโร่ และ ในชิ้นส่วนทั้งหมดของมหากาพย์ซึ่งเป็นเพียงของแท้ ไม่มีรอยเดียวแสดงว่า เขาจะได้รับคิดว่า เป็นการลง Viṣṇu ไหนก็ได้ในส่วนของแท้ของกลอน เป็นตำนานในการเล่น ไม่ Viṣṇu แต่พระอินทร์ซึ่งถือว่าเป็นพระเจ้าสูงสุดในการปรากฏ สำหรับสมุดบัญชีสองเล่ม ฉัน และ VII ก็โดยทั่วไปว่า ในพวกเขา ตามที่เราได้เห็น หัวข้อของการบรรยายมักจัดชิด และจำนวนมาก Brahmanic ตำนาน และตำนานมีการสในกรณี Mahābhārata และ Purāṇas สิ่งต่าง ๆ ที่เกิดขึ้นที่สถานน้อยมากในหนังสือ II และ VI เพิ่มเติมและขยายในหนังสือเหล่านี้พวกเขามีมากมายพอมีชนิดแตกต่างกัน จะประกอบด้วยส่วนใหญ่ในนี้ที่เพียงสวยงาม และนิยมมากที่สุดข้อความได้ เท่าที่เป็นไป elaborated โดยที่ reciters และสิ่งประดิษฐ์ของตนเองที่เพิ่มขึ้น ในความเป็นจริงเราต้องคิดส่ง Rāmāyaṇa ผ่านศตวรรษในลักษณะต่อไปนี้: มันมีส่งเนื้อหาในลักษณะของลาวาใน Uttara-Kāṇḍa และ Kuśa เป็นเวลานาน (อาจจะสำหรับศตวรรษ) Reciters และนักเดินทางเหล่านี้ถือเป็นเพลงมหากาพย์เป็นคุณสมบัติของพวกเขาที่พวกเขาใช้เวลาทั้งหมดเรียงลำดับของเสรีภาพ ตอนนี้ ถ้าพวกเขาสังเกตเห็นว่า ผู้ฟังจะถูกย้าย ด้วย lamentation สัมผัส ของ Sītā, Daśaratha หรือ Kauśalyā จะประกอบด้วยบางข้อเพิ่มเติมนอกจากนี้เพื่อที่จะใช้เวลามากขึ้นในบริบทที่ ถ้าฉากต่อสู้พบพิเศษ โปรดปรานกับสงครามคนสาธารณะ แล้วก็จะง่ายสำหรับ reciters นำวีรบุรุษใหม่ต่อสู้ duels พวกเขาสามารถเรียกกี่พัน หรือหมื่นลิงหรือ Rākṣasas มีชัย หรือบรรยายหนังสืองานกล้าที่เล่าเรื่องในแบบเดิม แล้วเมื่อถ้าฟังพบความสุขในการ์ตูนฉากโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งที่ลิงปรากฏ แล้วก็เป็นสิ่งล่อใจสำหรับผู้อ่าน ไม่เพียงแต่หมุนออกฉากดังกล่าว แต่ยังเรียบเรียงใหม่เพิ่มเติมเช่น ถ้าเขามีผู้ชมเรียนรู้ประกอบด้วยพวกเรา แล้วเขาพยายามที่จะชนะพวกเขาโปรดปราน โดยปั่นออกชิ้นพลวัต โดยเพิ่มข้อใหม่คุณธรรม หรือคุณธรรมคำพูดที่พวกเขาได้มาจากไหน interpolating สุดท้าย rhapsodes มากทะเยอทะยานได้ elaborated คำอธิบายของธรรมชาติที่พบนิยมแน่นอนในโบราณ และบทกวีของแท้ โดยเพิ่มในลักษณะของบทกวีสมของรอยัล courts.1 Rāmāyaṇa แต่มีค่อนข้างถาวรฟอร์ม เหมือน Mahābhārata - บางทีเมื่อมันถูกลดลงให้ writing.2 นี้ต้องเกิดเวลากลอนเมื่อมีรัก และมีชื่อเสียงอยู่แล้วดังนั้น ว่า ถูกแล้วถือว่าเป็นบุญทางศาสนา การอ่าน และได้ยินมัน และว่า สวรรค์มีสัญญาว่า ผู้คัดลอก down.3 แต่ได้เพิ่มเติมการคัดลอกดังกล่าวงดงาม และ salutary บาท "ที่ bestows อายุยืน สุขภาพ ชื่อเสียง พี่ชายที่ดี และเข้าใจ" 4 มากขึ้นแน่นอนไม่หนึ่งไปสวรรค์ ดังนั้นช่วงสะสมและคอมไพเลอร์ที่ลดกลอนเขียนได้ไม่พิจารณาเป็นหน้าที่กลั่นถึงสิ่งที่ได้รับ แยกแท้จริงจากการปลอม แต่ไป จึงถูกต้อนรับแต่ที่นำเสนอตัวเองภายใต้ชื่อเรื่อง "รามายณะ" But we can speak only of a “somewhat” fixed form of the Rāmāyaṇa, because the manuscripts in which the epic has come down to us vary from one another very much, and there are at least three different recensions of the text which represent the transmission in the various regions of India. These recensions differ from one another not only with respect to individual readings but also in this that in each of them verses, longer texts and even whole cantos occur which are missing in the others; also the order of the verses is not the same in the different versions. The most widely spread (both in the north and the south of India) and probably also the oldest recension is the one which Jacobi designated as "C" and which has been printed many times in Bombay.2 The only complete edition that appeared in Europe, that of G. Gorresio2 contains the Bengal recension. The text of the North-Western Indian (Western Indian, Kashmiri) recension is now being printed at Lahore .3 That there are great differences between the recensions proves only the presumption of oral transmission of the text. It is understandable that the order of the verses in the memory of rhapsodes gets shifted, that the text had to undergo often significant changes and that the reciters of the various regions made their own additions and elaborations. What is common to all the three recensions is that all of them contain seven books, and that in each of them spurious texts occur by the side of the genuine ones. An “original text” of the Rāmāyaṇa is therefore not to be had in any of the recensions; but the absence of a text in one of the recensions is always a justified ground for suspicion against its genuineness. And in general it is in any case more easy in the case of the Rāmāyaṇa than in that of the Mahābhārata to isolate the spurious and the more recent portions. "As in the case of some of our old venerable cathedrals”, says Jacobi1 “every coming generation has added something new and repaired the old without the original layout being in any way obliterated in spite of all built up chapels and steeples; thus many generations of singers have been working at the Rāmāyaṇa; but the old nucleus, round which so much has grown about is easily recognisable in its main features even if not in minute details". Jacobi himself has proved irrefutably in his work, "Das Rāmāyaṇa" a large number of additions and elaborations as such. That when an attempt is made to prepare a critical edition of the text perhaps only one fourth of the 24,000 verses of the Rāmāyaṇa handed down to us would turn out to be "genuine", does not speak anything against the justification of the criticism.2 It is only on account of the large number of the "spurious" in the Indian epics that we are more often disappointed while reading those which rouse great admiration in us. And when we compare the Indian with the Greek epics with respect to their artistic value if the result should necessarily turn out against the former ones, then the people responsible for this are not the poets of ancient India but rather those poetasters who have elaborated and mutilated the old cantos by means of their own additions and changes. The “shapelessly fermenting verbosity” of which Friedrich Rūckert reproaches the Rāmāyaṇa, is certainly more often on account of the Vālmīkites than of Vālmīki himself. On the whole however the German poet is certainly right when he seeks the beauty of the Indian poetry somewhere else than that of the Greek, saying:" Such fantastic grievances, such shapelessly fermenting verbosity, As the Rāmāyaṇa offers you, that Homer has Certainly taught you to despise, but yet such high thinking And such profound heart even the Ilias ไม่แสดงคุณ
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