Literature review
A lot of research has been conducted on occupational stress, job satisfaction and job performance among nurses in the US, Europe and South Africa. However, very little has been done in the other parts of Africa as a result of the limited research skills and ability to publish by nurses in Africa (Adejumo & Lekalakala-Mokgele 2009).
Occupational stress Research has demonstrated that the sources of occupational stress, its levels and its effects vary greatly depending on local forces such as the nature of work, work setting and cultural orientation. Thus, significant differences in occupational stress among nurses in different countries may exist owing to different work settings and levels of social support (Evans 2002). Organizational support and perceived social support are associated with decreased occupational stress (Ab- uAlRub 2004, Jenkins & Elliott 2004). In addition to social support, the support perceived by the individual from the organization is an important factor associated with occupational stress. The organization may be instrumental in reducing job demands by improving the availability of resources such as equipment, adequate staffing, and promoting policies that facilitate work performance. Understanding the perception of social and organizational support among nurses will aide stakeholders to develop programmes that enhance job satisfaction.
Occupational stress and job satisfaction Previous researchers have reported an inverse or negative relationship between perceived stress and job satisfaction; that is, as stress increases, job satisfaction decreases (Flanagan & Flanagan 2002, Sveinsdottir et al. 2006, Zangaro & Soeken 2007). Job stress and job satisfaction have also been reported to be influenced by personal characteristics. For example, significant inverse correlations were reported between job satisfaction and age, and years of nursing experience with
job stress (Ernst et al. 2004). Other personal characteristics such as mental and physical health, marital status, education level, rural/urban setting and perceived HIV stigma were reported to have significant influence on job satisfaction.
Occupational stress and job performance A high level of occupational stress has been found to reduce quality of nursing care. A shortage of nursing staff owing to turnover as a result of occupational stress was associated with increased patient mortality rates in an intensive care unit (Sveinsdottir et al. 2006). How- ever, in a previous study on job stress, recognition, job performance and intention to stay at work among Jor- danian hospital nurses, it was reported that recognition of nurses performance had a direct and buffering effect on job stress and the level of intention to stay at work (AbuAlRub & Al-Zaru 2008). This is consistent with other literature which has reported that recognition leads to job satisfaction and low turnover (Cartledge 2001). Morale is another factor which affects nurses performance. Nurses morale can be boosted by creating an environment characterized by supportive supervision, positive feedback and good communication. Job satisfaction and nurses perceptions that they are valued may lead to improved work place efficiency and output (Stapleton et al. 2007). In summary, occupational stress and its related effects on job satisfaction and job performance have been found to differ among professions and work settings. However, although previous studies regarding these variables and their relationships have been conducted worldwide, the majority have been with American and European nurses in their work settings. Therefore, given the significance of occupational stress and its relation- ships with job satisfaction and job performance for nurses and patients as illustrated by the conceptual model, the present study was done to assess the situation in Ugandan hospitals.
Literature review
A lot of research has been conducted on occupational stress, job satisfaction and job performance among nurses in the US, Europe and South Africa. However, very little has been done in the other parts of Africa as a result of the limited research skills and ability to publish by nurses in Africa (Adejumo & Lekalakala-Mokgele 2009).
Occupational stress Research has demonstrated that the sources of occupational stress, its levels and its effects vary greatly depending on local forces such as the nature of work, work setting and cultural orientation. Thus, significant differences in occupational stress among nurses in different countries may exist owing to different work settings and levels of social support (Evans 2002). Organizational support and perceived social support are associated with decreased occupational stress (Ab- uAlRub 2004, Jenkins & Elliott 2004). In addition to social support, the support perceived by the individual from the organization is an important factor associated with occupational stress. The organization may be instrumental in reducing job demands by improving the availability of resources such as equipment, adequate staffing, and promoting policies that facilitate work performance. Understanding the perception of social and organizational support among nurses will aide stakeholders to develop programmes that enhance job satisfaction.
Occupational stress and job satisfaction Previous researchers have reported an inverse or negative relationship between perceived stress and job satisfaction; that is, as stress increases, job satisfaction decreases (Flanagan & Flanagan 2002, Sveinsdottir et al. 2006, Zangaro & Soeken 2007). Job stress and job satisfaction have also been reported to be influenced by personal characteristics. For example, significant inverse correlations were reported between job satisfaction and age, and years of nursing experience with
job stress (Ernst et al. 2004). Other personal characteristics such as mental and physical health, marital status, education level, rural/urban setting and perceived HIV stigma were reported to have significant influence on job satisfaction.
Occupational stress and job performance A high level of occupational stress has been found to reduce quality of nursing care. A shortage of nursing staff owing to turnover as a result of occupational stress was associated with increased patient mortality rates in an intensive care unit (Sveinsdottir et al. 2006). How- ever, in a previous study on job stress, recognition, job performance and intention to stay at work among Jor- danian hospital nurses, it was reported that recognition of nurses performance had a direct and buffering effect on job stress and the level of intention to stay at work (AbuAlRub & Al-Zaru 2008). This is consistent with other literature which has reported that recognition leads to job satisfaction and low turnover (Cartledge 2001). Morale is another factor which affects nurses performance. Nurses morale can be boosted by creating an environment characterized by supportive supervision, positive feedback and good communication. Job satisfaction and nurses perceptions that they are valued may lead to improved work place efficiency and output (Stapleton et al. 2007). In summary, occupational stress and its related effects on job satisfaction and job performance have been found to differ among professions and work settings. However, although previous studies regarding these variables and their relationships have been conducted worldwide, the majority have been with American and European nurses in their work settings. Therefore, given the significance of occupational stress and its relation- ships with job satisfaction and job performance for nurses and patients as illustrated by the conceptual model, the present study was done to assess the situation in Ugandan hospitals.
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