Subjective – objective
There has been a continuing debate within social theory over the relationship between individual action and social structures. At one extreme is structuralism which maintains that social action is entirely determined by social structures Individuals are pushed a by the structures, which both constrain and shape their behavior. Individualism is at the other extreme, and this maintains that all social action is voluntary and thus social structures, to the extent that they exist, are merely the reflection of accumulated individual action. However, it can be argued that these extremes are overly deterministic on the one hand, and overly voluntaristic on the other(Giddens, 1979)
In developing his structuration theory, Giddens wanted to replace this dualism of agency and structure with a d(see also Giddens, 1984). Here agency refers to the individual's ability to make a difference in the world, that is, to act as a free human agent. This should be contrasted with the use of the term ‘agent' in mainstream accounting rese where it means just the opposite. The agent in agency theory perceived as driven by a axioms of economically 'rational behavior to maximize expected utility. In this sense the agents behavior is predictable and determined by the law of rational choice. In social theory, however, agency refers to the ability of the individual to act autonomously. In the'duality of structure, Giddens argues that agency and structure presuppose one another Although structure is the medium which shapes action, it is itself the outcome of action(Giddens, 1979; 1984)
This relationship between action and structure can be illustrated in the use of language. Individual speech acts draw on the grammatical structure of the language. But this structure is created and re-created day by day through those very speech acts, which can and do bring about changes in the language. When applied to social actions more generally we can argue the human agency is inherently subjective, but it can create social structures which then become externalized and, as such, capable of objective analysis As a result the distinction between the subjective and the objective becomes problematic, as there are both subjective and objective elements within the duality of structure. This is the primary reason we did not distinguish between subjective and objective elements in our earlier discussion of critical accounting research. It also represents a criticism of the Burrel and Morgan classification(Willmott. 1990). In the next section we will describe an alterative taxonomy which
Subjective – objective
There has been a continuing debate within social theory over the relationship between individual action and social structures. At one extreme is structuralism which maintains that social action is entirely determined by social structures Individuals are pushed a by the structures, which both constrain and shape their behavior. Individualism is at the other extreme, and this maintains that all social action is voluntary and thus social structures, to the extent that they exist, are merely the reflection of accumulated individual action. However, it can be argued that these extremes are overly deterministic on the one hand, and overly voluntaristic on the other(Giddens, 1979)
In developing his structuration theory, Giddens wanted to replace this dualism of agency and structure with a d(see also Giddens, 1984). Here agency refers to the individual's ability to make a difference in the world, that is, to act as a free human agent. This should be contrasted with the use of the term ‘agent' in mainstream accounting rese where it means just the opposite. The agent in agency theory perceived as driven by a axioms of economically 'rational behavior to maximize expected utility. In this sense the agents behavior is predictable and determined by the law of rational choice. In social theory, however, agency refers to the ability of the individual to act autonomously. In the'duality of structure, Giddens argues that agency and structure presuppose one another Although structure is the medium which shapes action, it is itself the outcome of action(Giddens, 1979; 1984)
This relationship between action and structure can be illustrated in the use of language. Individual speech acts draw on the grammatical structure of the language. But this structure is created and re-created day by day through those very speech acts, which can and do bring about changes in the language. When applied to social actions more generally we can argue the human agency is inherently subjective, but it can create social structures which then become externalized and, as such, capable of objective analysis As a result the distinction between the subjective and the objective becomes problematic, as there are both subjective and objective elements within the duality of structure. This is the primary reason we did not distinguish between subjective and objective elements in our earlier discussion of critical accounting research. It also represents a criticism of the Burrel and Morgan classification(Willmott. 1990). In the next section we will describe an alterative taxonomy which
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