Literature on evacuation models is well documented. Various researches in this transportation field have focused on
evacuation planning from various perspectives. Due to the complexity and dynamic nature of transportation network attributes during a disaster, one of the challenges of evacuation modelling is accurately estimating evacuation time.
Lindell et al (2002) presented Empirically Based Large-scale Evacuation Time Estimate Model (EMBLEM2) which is an Evacuation Time Estimate (ETE) model.
Their research chronicled various contributions in the methodology for ETE. However, they acknowledge its limitation of not accounting for transit dependent users.
Wilmot and Mei (2004) compared the relative accuracy of ETE models.
They view logistic regression and neural network models as more superior in predicting evacuation more accurately than the participation rate model.