Mathematical anxiety
Mathematical anxiety has been a widely discussed issue for decades (Fennema and
Sherman 1977). It has been recognized by educators as an important and challenging issue to decrease the mathematical anxiety of students (Cates and Rhymer 2003). In this study, a pre-questionnaire was used to measure the participants’ mathematical anxiety before the experiment. As shown in Table 5, the ANOVA result showed no significant difference between the mathematical anxiety ratings of the three groups, with F = 2.80 (p[.05), before participating in the learning activity.