CELIV (Charge Extraction by Linearly Increasing Voltage) is a powerful method that allows to study charge transport and recombination in various semiconductors. It is a complimentary technique in the sense that materials can be studied in thin films with (solar cell) stack structure, where other techniques such as Time-of-Flight (TOF) experiments are inapplicable. Two types of CELIV experiments can be performed.
1) extraction of carriers generated at equilibrium (e.g., due to doping)
2) Extraction of photogenerated carriers (photo-CELIV)