3. Results and discussion
3.1. X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
The chemical compositions of the clamshell, combusted clamshell
(CS-CaO) and surfactant-hydration treated samples were
shown in Table 1. Based on the results, the clamshell and CS-CaO
showed calcium content comparable to commercial CaCO3 (STD
CaCO3). This indicated that waste clamshell is a potential resource
for CaO synthesis. In addition, the calcium content of surfactant
treated samples (CS-Ca(OH)2-EG, CS-Ca(OH)2-DE and CS-Ca(OH)2-
CTAB) remained high at 99.19%, 99.22% and 98.91%, respectively,
which were closed to calcium content of commercial nano-Ca(OH)2
(99.9%). There were no significant changes in the elemental composition
of the surfactant-hydration treated catalysts. This has
shown that the surfactants acted as barrier in the breakdown of
larger particles of CaO into smaller or singular forms without
digest the calcium source [37]. In addition, organic matter content
(%) was determined by using loss on ignition (Loi) method [35,36].
It was observed that the organic matter for waste clamshell was
found to be 4.79%, which is in agreement with the TGA analysis
(Supplementary Data 1). The organic matter in the inner layer of clamshell is mostly in the form of shell membranes and matrix
[38]
3. Results and discussion3.1. X-ray fluorescence (XRF)The chemical compositions of the clamshell, combusted clamshell(CS-CaO) and surfactant-hydration treated samples wereshown in Table 1. Based on the results, the clamshell and CS-CaOshowed calcium content comparable to commercial CaCO3 (STDCaCO3). This indicated that waste clamshell is a potential resourcefor CaO synthesis. In addition, the calcium content of surfactanttreated samples (CS-Ca(OH)2-EG, CS-Ca(OH)2-DE and CS-Ca(OH)2-CTAB) remained high at 99.19%, 99.22% and 98.91%, respectively,which were closed to calcium content of commercial nano-Ca(OH)2(99.9%). There were no significant changes in the elemental compositionof the surfactant-hydration treated catalysts. This hasshown that the surfactants acted as barrier in the breakdown oflarger particles of CaO into smaller or singular forms withoutdigest the calcium source [37]. In addition, organic matter content(%) was determined by using loss on ignition (Loi) method [35,36].It was observed that the organic matter for waste clamshell wasfound to be 4.79%, which is in agreement with the TGA analysis(Supplementary Data 1). The organic matter in the inner layer of clamshell is mostly in the form of shell membranes and matrix[38]
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