The level descriptors of the ASEAN Qualification Reference Framework aim to provide a reference point for the levels in national qualification frameworks and national qualification systems.To facilitate the referencing processing the ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework is based on broad level descriptors. The Framework include seight levels of complexity of learning outcomes,expressed as descriptors.The level descriptors include the notion of competence which is the ability that extends beyond the possession of knowledge and skills. It includes:
• Cognitive competence involving the use of theory and concepts, as well as informal tacitknowledge gained experientially
• Functional competence (skills or know-how), those things that a person should be able to dowhen they work in a given area
• Personal competence involving knowing how to conduct oneself in a specific situation
• Ethical competence involving the possession of certain personal and professional values9.
The level descriptors do not make explicit reference to personal competence or ethical competence. However, personal competence and ethical competence are valued by ASEAN Member States asthey contribute to the capacity of people to know things, act skilfully, work effectively in differentmsettings, and to show responsibility and accountability. Personal competence and ethical competence includes attributes such as attentiveness, intercultural awareness, active tolerance and acceptance of diversity. These attributes could be included in individual National Qualifications Frameworks.The level descriptors include two domains:
• Knowledge and skills
• Application and Responsibility.