This study is not free from limitations. First, the findings may not be generalized to all hotel properties because data were collected from limited segments of upper-economy and mid-scale hotels in a midwestern state of the US. Thus, the result may not be directly applicable to other segments of the hotel industry. Second, the questionnaires were collected primarily from front office department and housekeeping department. The data may not be well representative of the participating hotels, so the results of this study could be slightly biased. Third, the question-naires were distributed by hotel managers to their employ-ees and also collected by the managers, which may influence employees’ responses. That is, collected responses may have biases about work motivations.