Taken together, all CFA
yielded good to excellent model fit indices showing factorial validity; Cronbach’s
α had an average of .80; convergent validity was established by average positive
correlations of .69 with subdimensions of transformational leadership and
leader–member exchange scales; nonsignificant correlations with socially desirable
responding indicated discriminant validity; initial criterion validation was
supported by a moderately positive correlation with job satisfaction (r = .31).
Although sample sizes varied between small and medium (range 65–218; total
N = 604) and only Study 4 was a randomized sample, we expect that the
results can be generalized because samples varied in (a) participants (leaders in
Study 1 and 2; members in Study 3 and 4), (b) composition (heterogeneous sample
in Study 1; homogeneous samples in Studies 2–4), and (c) context (small
and medium-sized business enterprises, big retail company, civil service department).
The rating scale comprises only six items; thus, it is economic and easy to
administer.