2.2. Characterization of membranes
A diagram of the measurements for proton conductivities is shown in Fig. 2. The proton conductivities of membranes were measured in the plane direction in water at 60 °C by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at 1 kHz with an impedance/gain-phase analyzer (Solartron, SI 1250). The proton conductivity (σ) was calculated as:
equation(1)
σ(S/cm)=L/(R×W×T),
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where L (cm) is the distance between Lp and Hp, R (Ω) is the measured resistance, and W (cm) and T (cm) are the width and thickness of the membrane