dependent variables other than measures of discretionary accrual or REM. Researches were as
well eliminated if the independent variables did not comprise measures of audit committee or
audit quality, or necessary data for calculating the effect size. By means of the Stouffer
combined test, this meta-analysis has recognized consistent effects of audit committee and
audit quality variables. Given the comparatively few number of researches available to date
on these two essential subjects, plenty of opportunities exist for more studies on the effect of
audit committee effectiveness and audit quality on earnings management. The objective of
meta-analysis is to acquire stock and offer directions for future studies rather than providing
the definitive declaration (Wolf, 1986). Found on the findings summarized in Table 3, the
effects of presence of an audit committee on earnings management are potential subject for
future studies