Choice of solvents
In order to find out the best solvent that would give the maximum yield, extraction is carried out for predetermined period of
time (2.5 h roughly) using a variety of solvents, for a fixed weight
of seed (150 g) and fixed volume of solvent (700 ml) in the threenecked distillation flask. The solvents used are hexane, isopropanol, chloroform, ethanol and toluene. Leaching is carried out at
the boiling point of each solvent until a clear liquid is obtained
with an indication of complete leaching of the bio oil. At the end
of a batch run, the packed bed of seeds is removed and afterwards
the oil–solvent mixture is distilled further by simple batch distillation technique followed by separation of the mixture using a rotary
evaporator apparatus (Make: BUCHI; Model: Rotavapor R-3). The
attached vacuum pump with the rotary evaporator is used to
remove the solvent completely. The extractions are (see Fig. 2) performed in triplicate and their mean values and standard deviations
are calculated. The percentage yield is calculated on the basis of
the following equation with W1 being the amount of seed taken
in gm and W2 is the amount of oil produced in g.
% Oil yield ¼ ðW2=W1Þ 100:
The leaching process depends mainly on the chemical nature of the
solvent used and type of solute which will be extracted from the solid matrix. Solubility of oil in various solvents is not the same. All
the other conditions like bed height, apparatus capacity, etc. are
kept constant. Five types of organic solvents with different polarity
indices and with a boiling range of 60–115 C are used for this test.
Recovery of oil from the seeds with different solvents is done for
different time periods to check the extent of oil extracted.
Choice of solventsIn order to find out the best solvent that would give the maximum yield, extraction is carried out for predetermined period oftime (2.5 h roughly) using a variety of solvents, for a fixed weightof seed (150 g) and fixed volume of solvent (700 ml) in the threenecked distillation flask. The solvents used are hexane, isopropanol, chloroform, ethanol and toluene. Leaching is carried out atthe boiling point of each solvent until a clear liquid is obtainedwith an indication of complete leaching of the bio oil. At the endof a batch run, the packed bed of seeds is removed and afterwardsthe oil–solvent mixture is distilled further by simple batch distillation technique followed by separation of the mixture using a rotaryevaporator apparatus (Make: BUCHI; Model: Rotavapor R-3). Theattached vacuum pump with the rotary evaporator is used toremove the solvent completely. The extractions are (see Fig. 2) performed in triplicate and their mean values and standard deviationsare calculated. The percentage yield is calculated on the basis ofthe following equation with W1 being the amount of seed takenin gm and W2 is the amount of oil produced in g.% Oil yield ¼ ðW2=W1Þ 100:The leaching process depends mainly on the chemical nature of thesolvent used and type of solute which will be extracted from the solid matrix. Solubility of oil in various solvents is not the same. Allthe other conditions like bed height, apparatus capacity, etc. arekept constant. Five types of organic solvents with different polarityindices and with a boiling range of 60–115 C are used for this test.Recovery of oil from the seeds with different solvents is done fordifferent time periods to check the extent of oil extracted.
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