C, like O, also involves means. We define C as the use of
alternative means to maintain a given level of functioning when
specific goal-relevant means are no longer available. Considering
the dynamics of gains and losses across life, a model of developmental
regulation needs to address how people maintain a given
level of functioning in the face of transient or permanent loss or
decline in resources (see also M. M. Baltes & Carstensen, 1996;
Baltes, 1987, 1997; Brandtsta¨dter & Wentura, 1995; Dixon &
Ba¨ckman, 1995; Heckhausen, 1999). One relevant possible consequence
of a loss in means that we mentioned already is LBS.
However, that strategy does not imply—as our definition of C
does—maintenance of functioning by use of alternative means but
rather a change in goals themselves.