The centrifuge tests carried out for this paper were conducted using the Turner beam centrifuge at the Schofield Centre in Cambridge, which is a 10 m diameter 150 g-ton centrifuge. A
stored angular momentum (SAM) actuator device was used to simulate a wide range of earthquakes characteristics through shaking a specially designed model container in one lateral
direction [14]. The equivalent shear beam (ESB) model container has been used extensively in many centrifuge tests at Cambridge and its performance was compared to a laminar model container
by Brennan et al. [15]. The ESB consists of 10 rectangular aluminium rings interspersed by rubber layers. The step-like deformation of the ESB container during shaking limits the
restrained soil movement and minimises the reflection of energy from boundary walls to simulate the seismic energy that would radiate away in the field [16].