The hip adduction torque was recorded as the second largest torque in both kicks, and their magnitudes were also comparable between the two kicks (see Fig. 3 and Table 4). The hip adduction torque of the side-foot kick reached the peak magnitudes during the leg-cocking phase, whereas that of the instep kick varied among participants; the peak magnitudes occurred during the back-swing phase (one participant), leg-cocking phase (one participant), and leg-acceleration phase (three participants). Although slight hip
adduction motion occurred close to ball impact in both kicks, their magnitudes were small enough to be negligible.