2.5. Quasi-simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
Quasi-SSFs were carried out in 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks using a shaker incubator (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Model 4450, Wal- tham, MA) at 35 °C and 90 rpm with 10% solid substrate (water insoluble). The enzyme loadings were the same as for enzymatic hydrolysis described above. The solid substrate was first liquefied at 50 °C and 200 rpm for 120 min on the shaker incubator before adding the yeast S. cerevisiae FPL-450. Initial cell concentration for all SSF experiments was 0.4 mg dry cell g