Our study demonstrated that adult female rats developed EAMD after 6-week intensive treadmill exercise training
characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, significant ovary subcellular injuries, and reduction of ovarian hormone levels.
The pathological changed caused by EAMD were reversed by post-EAMD resting, as well as post-EAMD carbohydrate
supplements. Although the molecular mechanisms of energy intake in treating EAMD remain unclear, our data suggest a
positive feedback of HPO axis might be involved. Meanwhile,further research is needed to determine whether the suppression of HPO axis by exercise can be ameliorated by carbohydrate supplements in female athletes.