To calculate the weighted average cost of capital, the company must identify all sources of invested funds. Typical sources are borrowing and equity (stock issued). Typically, borrowed money has an interest rate attached, and that rate is adjusted for its tax deductibility. For example, if a company issued 10-year bonds at an annual interest of 8 percent and the tax rate is 40 percent, then the after-tax cost of the bonds is 4.8 percent [0.08 – (0.4 × 0.08)]. Equity is handled differently. The cost of equity financing is the opportunity cost to investors. Over time, stockholders have received an average return that is six percentage points higher than the return on long-term government bounds. If these bond rates are about 6 percent, then the average cost of equity is 12 percent (6% + 6%). Riskier stocks command a higher return; more stable and less risky stocks offer a somewhat lower return. Finally, the proportionate share of each method of financing is multiplied by its percentage cost and summed to yield the total dollar amount of capital employed.