Studies that Support the Redundancy Principle
A variety of studies support the redundancy principle. Kalyuga, Chandler & Sweller (2004) suggested that a working memory load will be generated if learners are required to coordinate redundant materials. Soon Fook, & Aldalalah(2010) investigated the effects of instructional the redundancy principles on the learning of music theory among primary pupils. An AI (audio and image) mode is more effectively than the TI (text with image) and AIT (audio with image and text) modes.