The views of lay people about language are often quite simplistic.One illustration
of this concerns the relationship between the so-called standard languages and
the non-standard dialects associated with those languages. Standard French
and Standard English, for example, are varieties of French and English that have
written grammar books, pronunciation and spelling conventions, are promoted by
the media and other public institutions such as the education system and are
considered by a majority of people to be the ‘correct’ way to speak these two
languages. Non-standard varieties (sometimes called ‘dialects’) are often considered
to be lazy, ungrammatical forms, which betray a lack of both educational
training and discipline in learning. Linguists strongly disagree with this view. The
study of language use has shown not only that non-standard varieties exhibit
grammatical regularity and consistent pronunciation patterns in the same way that
standard varieties do, but also that a vast majority of people will use non-standard
features at least some of the time in their speech. Sociolinguistic research has
demonstrated that the speech of most people is, at least in some respects, variable,
combining, for example, both standard and non-standard sounds, words or grammatical
structures. The study of language variation involves the search for consistent
patterns in such variable linguistic behaviour.
fundamental difference remains: the sociolinguist’s questions about universals
require answers in which the structure of society plays an integral part. In this
regard, they differ from the questions with which we opened this introduction, but
there is no conflict here. Taken together, the various emphases we pursue in this
book present a comprehensive picture of the complex and many-faceted phenomena
which the study of language engages.
The views of lay people about language are often quite simplistic.One illustration
of this concerns the relationship between the so-called standard languages and
the non-standard dialects associated with those languages. Standard French
and Standard English, for example, are varieties of French and English that have
written grammar books, pronunciation and spelling conventions, are promoted by
the media and other public institutions such as the education system and are
considered by a majority of people to be the ‘correct’ way to speak these two
languages. Non-standard varieties (sometimes called ‘dialects’) are often considered
to be lazy, ungrammatical forms, which betray a lack of both educational
training and discipline in learning. Linguists strongly disagree with this view. The
study of language use has shown not only that non-standard varieties exhibit
grammatical regularity and consistent pronunciation patterns in the same way that
standard varieties do, but also that a vast majority of people will use non-standard
features at least some of the time in their speech. Sociolinguistic research has
demonstrated that the speech of most people is, at least in some respects, variable,
combining, for example, both standard and non-standard sounds, words or grammatical
structures. The study of language variation involves the search for consistent
patterns in such variable linguistic behaviour.
fundamental difference remains: the sociolinguist’s questions about universals
require answers in which the structure of society plays an integral part. In this
regard, they differ from the questions with which we opened this introduction, but
there is no conflict here. Taken together, the various emphases we pursue in this
book present a comprehensive picture of the complex and many-faceted phenomena
which the study of language engages.
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