Much of the early research on inter-organizational relationships
used a TCE framework. The original assumption in
TCE was that the nature of the transaction (where the transaction
is the unit of analysis) determined which governance
form was most efficient (with the lowest transaction costs).
Later researchers have concluded that governance forms
that result in the lowest total cost (transaction costs plus
production costs) are efficient since they will endure. However,
in the extended TCE framework, recently developed
in the IOMC literature, institutional and relational factors
are also considered. In this paper, our three case studies
evolve within the same institutional framework and with
similar transactions. This allows us to analyse how control
packages develop within different relationships. Therefore
relationships (vertical and horizontal) are the units of analysis
in this paper.
To explain these relationships, the control packages
and their development over time, we chose the research
method of retrospective cases studies. This choice allows
us to map the interaction between relationships and control
packages. Thus we follow the recommendations for
process-oriented approaches based on longitudinal or retrospective
case studies (Otley, 1980; Groot and Merchant,
2000; Emsley and Kidon, 2007; Kamminga and van der
Meer-Kooistra, 2007; Langfield-Smith, 2008). For practical
reasons, we conducted retrospective studies rather than
longitudinal studies. Admittedly, the choice of retrospective
studies means the researcher to some extent must rely
on respondents’ recollections. Our strategy was to trace
the important events in the history of the three JV Companies
that have had, or should have had, an impact on
taxation, fees, service level, appropriations, access and organization structure.
The political executive unit consists of the municipality board and
its chairman.
the relationships and the control packages. To increase
the credibility of our research, we examined these events
using multiple interviews and reading available documentation
(e.g., JV contracts and owners’ directives4). While the
three case studies reveal little variation in terms of transaction
and institutional characteristics, they show interesting
variations and changes over time in the relationships. Thus
we believe these case studies suit the purpose of our paper.
We assigned the three municipal JV Companies the fictitious
names of North, South and West. (We also use
fictitious names for the municipalities and other entities.)
We chose the municipalities sequentially – our first case,
which provoked our curiosity about certain contingencies,
led us to search for a complementary case, and so on, to
the third case. In each case we interviewed actors at three
levels: the Parent (Municipal) level, the JV Board level and
the JV management level (cf. Emsley and Kidon, 2007). See
Table 2.
In general, we selected respondents because of their
positions at the municipalities or at the JV Companies. Two
additional respondents were selected after other respondents
described these respondents’ central roles. In total,
25 semi-structured interviews were conducted during the
spring of 2009. Extensive interview protocols were used
as checklists to guide these conversational interviews. The
protocols differed, depending on the position of the respondent,
but all interviews covered the following themes:
• The history of the JV Company.
• The horizontal relationship (reasons for the cooperation,
formal and informal controls, trust, fear of opportunism,
changes over time).
• The vertical relationship (how the JV CEO is controlled,
the efficiency of the controls, the trust in the JV CEO, the
role of the JV Board, changes over time).
The starting point for our studies varied in the three
cases. At North, our research begins in 1981 – the year of
North’s founding. We chose this year because various North
respondents had worked there for a long time and because
North has had the same CEO since its start-up. At South,
our research begins in 1996, the year the current CEO was
hired. In the subsequent 13 years, many interesting events
occurred. At West, our research begins in 1998, the year of
the merger of two organizations that resulted in the founding
of West. This is the year referred to as important by
many of the West respondents.
We examined the issue of trust through our direct questions
to the respondents and through our analysis of their
spontaneous descriptions of the relationships. The identification
of calculative trust and system trust was based on the
respondents’ narratives concerning the lack of cooperation
alternatives in the JV Companies and the existence of several
other co-operative activities among the municipality
parents.
Generally, two interviewers conducted the interviews,
but on some occasions only one interviewer was present.
ของการวิจัยเริ่มต้นความสัมพันธ์ inter-organizationalใช้กรอบ TCE สมมติฐานเดิมในTCE เป็นที่ลักษณะของธุรกรรม (ที่ธุรกรรมเป็นหน่วยของการวิเคราะห์) กำหนดซึ่งกำกับดูแลแบบฟอร์มได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ (มีต้นทุนธุรกรรมต่ำสุด)ภายหลังนักวิจัยได้ข้อสรุปที่กำกับรูปแบบที่ส่งผลให้ต่ำสุดต้นทุนรวม (ต้นทุนธุรกรรมบวกต้นทุนการผลิต) มีประสิทธิภาพตั้งแต่พวกเขาจะทน อย่างไรก็ตามในกรอบขยาย TCE เพิ่งพัฒนาในวรรณคดี IOMC ปัจจัยสถาบัน และเชิงสัมพันธ์ยังถือว่า ในกระดาษนี้ เราสามกรณีศึกษาพัฒนา ภายใต้กรอบสถาบันเดียวกัน และมีธุรกรรมที่คล้ายคลึงกัน นี้ช่วยให้เราสามารถวิเคราะห์วิธีควบคุมแพคเกจพัฒนาภายในความสัมพันธ์อื่น ดังนั้นความสัมพันธ์ (แนวตั้ง และแนวนอน) หน่วยของการวิเคราะห์ในเอกสารนี้อธิบายความสัมพันธ์เหล่านี้ แพคเกจตัวควบคุมและการพัฒนาช่วงเวลา เราเลือกงานวิจัยวิธีการศึกษาย้อนหลังกรณี ตัวเลือกนี้ช่วยให้เราการปฏิสัมพันธ์ระหว่างความสัมพันธ์และควบคุมแพคเกจ ดังนั้น เราทำตามคำแนะนำสำหรับกระบวนการแนวตามยาว หรือย้อนหลังกรณีศึกษา (Otley, 1980 Groot และร้านค้า2000 Emsley และ Kidon, 2007 Kamminga และ van derMeer Kooistra, 2007 Langfield-Smith, 2008) สำหรับการปฏิบัติเหตุผล เราดำเนินการศึกษาย้อนหลังแทนlongitudinal studies. Admittedly, the choice of retrospectivestudies means the researcher to some extent must relyon respondents’ recollections. Our strategy was to tracethe important events in the history of the three JV Companiesthat have had, or should have had, an impact ontaxation, fees, service level, appropriations, access and organization structure.The political executive unit consists of the municipality board andits chairman.the relationships and the control packages. To increasethe credibility of our research, we examined these eventsusing multiple interviews and reading available documentation(e.g., JV contracts and owners’ directives4). While thethree case studies reveal little variation in terms of transactionand institutional characteristics, they show interestingvariations and changes over time in the relationships. Thuswe believe these case studies suit the purpose of our paper.We assigned the three municipal JV Companies the fictitiousnames of North, South and West. (We also usefictitious names for the municipalities and other entities.)We chose the municipalities sequentially – our first case,which provoked our curiosity about certain contingencies,led us to search for a complementary case, and so on, tothe third case. In each case we interviewed actors at threelevels: the Parent (Municipal) level, the JV Board level andthe JV management level (cf. Emsley and Kidon, 2007). SeeTable 2.In general, we selected respondents because of theirpositions at the municipalities or at the JV Companies. Twoadditional respondents were selected after other respondentsdescribed these respondents’ central roles. In total,25 semi-structured interviews were conducted during thespring of 2009. Extensive interview protocols were usedas checklists to guide these conversational interviews. Theprotocols differed, depending on the position of the respondent,but all interviews covered the following themes:• The history of the JV Company.• The horizontal relationship (reasons for the cooperation,formal and informal controls, trust, fear of opportunism,changes over time).• The vertical relationship (how the JV CEO is controlled,the efficiency of the controls, the trust in the JV CEO, therole of the JV Board, changes over time).The starting point for our studies varied in the threecases. At North, our research begins in 1981 – the year ofNorth’s founding. We chose this year because various Northrespondents had worked there for a long time and becauseNorth has had the same CEO since its start-up. At South,our research begins in 1996, the year the current CEO washired. In the subsequent 13 years, many interesting eventsoccurred. At West, our research begins in 1998, the year ofthe merger of two organizations that resulted in the foundingof West. This is the year referred to as important bymany of the West respondents.We examined the issue of trust through our direct questionsto the respondents and through our analysis of theirspontaneous descriptions of the relationships. The identificationof calculative trust and system trust was based on therespondents’ narratives concerning the lack of cooperationalternatives in the JV Companies and the existence of severalother co-operative activities among the municipalityparents.Generally, two interviewers conducted the interviews,but on some occasions only one interviewer was present.
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