Introduction
Fuel additives are considered to have a significant
influence on flame speed and on the formation of soot
and its precursors in hydrocarbon/oxygen flames.
Numerical simulations and experimental investigations
of the detailed flame structure and the influence of fuel
additives on combustion chemistry pathways in flames
provide valuable information on our understanding of
soot precursor formation and combustion chemistry.
The soot-suppressing effects of volatile iron
compounds like iron penta-carbonyl (Fe(CO)5) or
dicyclopentadiene iron (Fe(C5
H5)
2), also known as
ferrocene, have been found and investigated in different
combustion systems [1]. But Retrievi et al. [2] provided
evidence that ferrocene may also enhance soot
production in a premixed ethylene/air flame, and
suggested that homogeneous nucleation of iron oxide
may take place prior to soot inception in the flame.
Studies of ferrocene doped ethylene/air and methane/air
diffusion flames also observed soot particles with iron
and iron oxide cores [3-5].
It is also well known that ferrocene is an effective
flame quencher. Using numerical modelling, Linteris et
al. [6] showed that gas phase iron compounds like FeO
and FeOH are reacting in catalytic cycles with flame
carrier radicals like H and OH. The super equilibrium
concentrations of these radicals are reduced towards
their equilibrium values, resulting in a reduction of
flame velocity. These studies concentrated on flame
velocities measurements and the modelling of methane
and CO/NO/H2 flames using a model that consists of an
iron sub-mechanism and a hydrocarbon part taken from
Sung et al. [7]. This model also includes fuel-rich
propene chemistry.
Aside from the above-mentioned studies,
investigations of the influence of ferrocene doping on
the flame structure of premixed flames are scarce and
we are not aware of any detailed experimental flame
structure analysis in such systems. Recently, ferrocene
is also widely used in carbon nanotube flame synthesis
Introduction
Fuel additives are considered to have a significant
influence on flame speed and on the formation of soot
and its precursors in hydrocarbon/oxygen flames.
Numerical simulations and experimental investigations
of the detailed flame structure and the influence of fuel
additives on combustion chemistry pathways in flames
provide valuable information on our understanding of
soot precursor formation and combustion chemistry.
The soot-suppressing effects of volatile iron
compounds like iron penta-carbonyl (Fe(CO)5) or
dicyclopentadiene iron (Fe(C5
H5)
2), also known as
ferrocene, have been found and investigated in different
combustion systems [1]. But Retrievi et al. [2] provided
evidence that ferrocene may also enhance soot
production in a premixed ethylene/air flame, and
suggested that homogeneous nucleation of iron oxide
may take place prior to soot inception in the flame.
Studies of ferrocene doped ethylene/air and methane/air
diffusion flames also observed soot particles with iron
and iron oxide cores [3-5].
It is also well known that ferrocene is an effective
flame quencher. Using numerical modelling, Linteris et
al. [6] showed that gas phase iron compounds like FeO
and FeOH are reacting in catalytic cycles with flame
carrier radicals like H and OH. The super equilibrium
concentrations of these radicals are reduced towards
their equilibrium values, resulting in a reduction of
flame velocity. These studies concentrated on flame
velocities measurements and the modelling of methane
and CO/NO/H2 flames using a model that consists of an
iron sub-mechanism and a hydrocarbon part taken from
Sung et al. [7]. This model also includes fuel-rich
propene chemistry.
Aside from the above-mentioned studies,
investigations of the influence of ferrocene doping on
the flame structure of premixed flames are scarce and
we are not aware of any detailed experimental flame
structure analysis in such systems. Recently, ferrocene
is also widely used in carbon nanotube flame synthesis
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