Cognitive Interventions
Cognitive interventions typically involve teaching and training of cognitive skills, such as mnemonic strategies, and/or practice on cognitive tasks. Various computer games have also been increasingly used for training. Consistently with the findings from observational studies, meta-analyses of RCTs in healthy older adults have shown cognitive exercise interventions to have a beneficial effect on neuropsychological test performance.[19–21] However, the quality of the trials has been generally low. Moreover, although notable exceptions have been reported,[22] the evidence for transfer of effects to related but unpracticed tasks is weak.[23–25] There is some evidence for the beneficial effects of real-time strategy gaming and action video games on cognitive performance[26,27]. However, these effects tend to be reduced in old age.[22]
The results of RCTs published during 2012 are not changing this picture much. One trial evaluated the effects of computerized cognitive training, focusing on perceptual speed training and the development of mnemonic and reasoning strategies. An intervention group (n = 111; mean age = 75 years) received 1.5 h of training once a week for 12 weeks. The control group (n = 112; mean age = 75 years) attended educational lectures about health. Outcome measures were assessed before training, immediately after the intervention, and 9 months after termination of the training. No significant effects of the computerized cognitive training intervention on any of the cognitive outcome measures were observed. In another trial, the effects of multidomain (e.g., memory, attention, reasoning, and visuo-spatial ability) and single-domain (reasoning) cognitive training in comparison with a noncontact control group were evaluated. The focus of training was on teaching appropriate cognitive strategies. The multidomain (n = 59; mean age = 70 years) and single-domain (n = 63; mean age = 70 years) groups received 24 1-h training sessions over a period of 3 months. A no-contact control group (n = 71; mean age = 70 years) was included. Outcome measures were assessed before training, immediately after the intervention, and 6–12 months after termination of training. Significantly larger increases in performance for the training groups as compared with the control group were observed immediately after training on tests of memory, reasoning, and language. At least for the multidomain group, these effects were maintained 12 months after the end of training.
มาตราการรับรู้โดยปกติงานรับรู้เกี่ยวข้องกับสอนและฝึกทักษะการรับรู้ เช่นกลยุทธ์ mnemonic และ/หรือปฏิบัติงานรับรู้ เกมต่าง ๆ ยังขึ้นใช้สำหรับฝึกอบรม อย่างต่อเนื่องกับผลการวิจัยจากการศึกษาเชิงสังเกตการณ์ meta-วิเคราะห์ของ RCTs ในผู้ใหญ่สุขภาพเก่าได้แสดงมาตราการออกกำลังกายรับรู้มีผลประโยชน์ neuropsychological ทดสอบประสิทธิภาพ[19-21] อย่างไรก็ตาม คุณภาพของการทดลองที่ได้รับโดยทั่วไปต่ำ นอกจากนี้ ถึงแม้ ว่ามีการ รายงานข้อยกเว้นที่โดดเด่น, [22] หลักฐานสำหรับการโอนย้ายผลกระทบถึงงานที่เกี่ยวข้อง แต่ unpracticed จะอ่อนแอ[23-25] ได้หลักฐานบางอย่างเพื่อผลประโยชน์ของกลยุทธ์แบบเรียลไทม์เกมวิดีโอเล่นเกมและการรับรู้ประสิทธิภาพ [26,27] อย่างไรก็ตาม ลักษณะพิเศษเหล่านี้มักจะลดลงในวัยสูงอายุ[22]The results of RCTs published during 2012 are not changing this picture much. One trial evaluated the effects of computerized cognitive training, focusing on perceptual speed training and the development of mnemonic and reasoning strategies. An intervention group (n = 111; mean age = 75 years) received 1.5 h of training once a week for 12 weeks. The control group (n = 112; mean age = 75 years) attended educational lectures about health. Outcome measures were assessed before training, immediately after the intervention, and 9 months after termination of the training. No significant effects of the computerized cognitive training intervention on any of the cognitive outcome measures were observed. In another trial, the effects of multidomain (e.g., memory, attention, reasoning, and visuo-spatial ability) and single-domain (reasoning) cognitive training in comparison with a noncontact control group were evaluated. The focus of training was on teaching appropriate cognitive strategies. The multidomain (n = 59; mean age = 70 years) and single-domain (n = 63; mean age = 70 years) groups received 24 1-h training sessions over a period of 3 months. A no-contact control group (n = 71; mean age = 70 years) was included. Outcome measures were assessed before training, immediately after the intervention, and 6–12 months after termination of training. Significantly larger increases in performance for the training groups as compared with the control group were observed immediately after training on tests of memory, reasoning, and language. At least for the multidomain group, these effects were maintained 12 months after the end of training.
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