There have been numerous reports on the development of ICALL systems over the years; however, it seems that most of the systems have remained in the prototype phase or have been developed purely for research purposes. Literature review has revealed three systems in particular that are confirmedly used in the language classroom, integrated into the foreign language learning curriculum, and continuously updated and improved [14]: E-Tutor for learning German as a second language, TAGARELA system for learning Portuguese at the university level, and Robo-Sensei for Japanese.
output.