The fungi–algae complex could also be reused as immobilization
cells for treatment different types of wastewaters including
industrial, municipal, and agricultural wastewaters. The general
techniques for immobilization of microorganism (e.g., bacteria,
microalgae, yeast, fungi) are to mix these microorganisms with
synthetic (e.g., acrylamide, polyurethane, polyvinyl, resins) and/
or natural polymers (e.g., alginate, carraggenan, agar, agarose)
[38]. However, using these expensive polymers would increase
the cost of immobilization process heavily, which limits their
applications in large-scale [39]. Using filamentous fungi as natural
agent for microorganism immobilization could be a good option for
economic and efficient wastewater treatment and production of
other high-value byproducts.