Vitamin A in infant formula in the UK is expressed in RE
and, therefore, RE was used in this study to express vitamin A content.
There is a large debate over the bioavailability of carotenoids,
as their bioavailability is dependent on numerous factors including
food matrix, amounts of fat ingested, and food processing methods.
Although carotenoids with pro-vitamin A activity are precursors of
vitamin A excess intake has not been associated with vitamin A
toxicity in humans because carotene conversion is regulated by
vitamin A status.