Push-pull strategies use a combination of behavior-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of pest and/or beneficial insects for pest management. Strategies targeted against pests try to reduce their abundance on the protected resource, for example, a crop or farm animal. The pests are repelled or deterred away from this resource (push) by using stimuli that mask host apparency or are repellent or deterrent. The pests are simultaneously attracted (pull), using highly apparent and attractive stimuli, to other areas such as traps or trap crops where they are concentrated, facilitating their elimination (Figure 1). Most work on push-pull strategies has targeted pest behavior, so this review relates mostly to pests, rather than to the manipulation of beneficial organisms. However, the latter case aims to establish a concentrated population on the protected resource to promote biological control, and although stimuli similar to those utilized in the former case are used to achieve this, they act to push the beneficials out of the surrounding area and pull them to where they are required for control. The strategies therefore comprise a two-pronged mechanism to direct the movement and affect the distribution and abundance of the insects (push-pull). Because the stimuli used to achieve this generally act by nontoxic mechanisms, integration with population-reducing methods is also usually needed when the strategies are targeted at pests.