For road transportation the principal factor of influence was the fuel efficiency of trucks, which
represented the highest potential for GHG mitigation. An improved emission factor was the best
option for intermodal transportation. However, domestic transports accounted for a much higher
amount of GHG emissions compared to ocean freight shipping. According to the IEA (2009), a
bulk carrier operating on the sea emits even in the worse case less than 10 kgCO2eq/tkm (see appendix
41), which leads to the assumption that bulk carriers operating on the inland waterways
correspondingly emit decisively less emissions than the road transport mode.