As the following examples show, stories can be in an effective way without using words. Key elements are deployed in the picture in such a way that they more about the product than is actually seen. Many of these pictorial messages work because they invite the viewers, by omission or suggestion, to complete the story for themselves, using their own store of experience. Viewers are motivated to work out the meaning in their own heads, which leads to a positive “aha” experience. These examples show that non-verbal advertising doesn’t always have to use metaphorical language. Look at these ads and try to work out which factors put the message across, without using either words or pictorial metaphors.