Sugars and glycerol were separated using a Zorbax carbohydrate
column (150 × 4.6 mm, Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) connected to a
Shimadzu HPLC system and detected using a low-temperature evaporative
light scattering detector (ELSD-LT). Isocratic elution was performed
for the sugars using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water
(80:20 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.4 mL/min at 40 °C with the methods of
Lee et al. (2013). Separation of glycerol was done using the same mobile
phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min at 30 °C.