Customer Satisfaction, Service Quality, and Customer Loyalty
The definition of satisfaction refers to a person’s approval or disappointment when comparing their
personal opinion of services received with their original service expectations (Kotler & Keller, 2006). Customer
satisfaction is a customer’s rational and emotional perception, which is based on service experiences
(Mackenzie & Spreng, 1992; Matthew & Christine, 2000). Martin, Ugur, and Dirk (2003) concluded that
consumer satisfaction with leisure services was a function of both cognitive and affective evaluations where the
affective evaluations dominate. In a leisure service context, quality and value are proposed as antecedents of
satisfaction, with their effects on loyalty mediated by satisfaction (Xiang & James, 2010). Jennifer and Tom
(2007) concluded that Herzberg’s theory was capable of expressing service quality dimensions and a better way
to address human satisfaction. For leisure service, overall satisfaction has a bearing on visitor’s positive
word-of-mouth revisit intentions (Antti & Ugur, 2005). Robert (2001) also showed that tangible elements of the
service were thought by customers to be the most important elements. These tangible elements also had the
greatest impact on that variation in overall satisfaction. Monica (2009) indicated recognizing the need of more
research on the meanings of leisure and tourism in diverse social and cultural contexts. It can be argued that
cultural patterns and social structures have greatly influenced the development of Chinese leisure and
tourism—how they have been lived, felt, and made sense by Chinese people. Conclusively, customer