To screen promising intervention components designed to reduce smoking and promote abstinence in smokers initially unwilling to quit.
DESIGN:
A balanced, four-factor, randomized factorial experiment.
SETTING:
Eleven primary care clinics in southern Wisconsin, USA.
PARTICIPANTS:
A total of 517 adult smokers (63.4% women, 91.1% white) recruited during primary care visits who were willing to reduce their smoking but not quit.
INTERVENTIONS:
Four factors contrasted intervention components designed to reduce smoking and promote abstinence: (1) nicotine patch versus none; (2) nicotine gum versus none; (3) motivational interviewing (MI) versus none; and (4) behavioral reduction counseling (BR) versus none. Participants could request cessation treatment at any point during the study.
MEASUREMENTS:
The primary outcome was percentage change in cigarettes smoked per day at 26 weeks post-study enrollment; the secondary outcomes were percentage change at 12 weeks and point-prevalence abstinence at 12 and 26 weeks post-study enrollment.
FINDINGS:
There were few main effects, but a significant four-way interaction at 26 weeks post-study enrollment (P = 0.01, β = 0.12) revealed relatively large smoking reductions by two component combinations: nicotine gum combined with BR and BR combined with MI. Further, BR improved 12-week abstinence rates (P = 0.04), and nicotine gum, when used without MI, increased 26-week abstinence after a subsequent aided quit attempt (P = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS:
Motivation-phase nicotine gum and behavioral reduction counseling are promising intervention components for smokers who are initially unwilling to quit.
© 2015 Society for the Study of Addiction.
KEYWORDS:
Chronic care smoking treatment; Multi-phase Optimization Strategy (MOST); Phase-Based Model; comparative effectiveness; factorial experiment; motivational interviewing; nicotine replacement therapy; primary care; smoking cessation; smoking reduction
PMID: 26582140 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]