3.2. Influence of ELF-EMF on fertilization process and early embryo development in vivo
On the basis of the in vitro experiments the minimum, maximum and TD50 intensities were identified in 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mT, respectively. These ELF field intensities were then used to test the effect of in vivo sperm exposure to ELF-EMF on the physiological process of fertilization and embryo development.
As summarized in Table 2, the percentage of zygotes (approximately 90%) and the incidence of polyspermy (about the 10%) were similar (p>0.05) in CTR conditions and in Protocol A and B performed with field intensities of 0.5 mT. At field intensities ≥0.75 mT the percentage of zygotes significantly decreased (∼70%) either in PA and PB, while the fertilization and the polyspermy rate remained similar to CTR (p > 0.05). For the highest field intensity (1 mT) also the fertilization resulted negatively affected. A decreased fertilization rate was found in PB (80% vs. 95% in CTR; p < 0.01) that resulted more evident when the oviducts were exposed in presence of spermatozoa (PA) (68% vs. 80%; p < 0.01). On the contrary, the polyspermy rate was unaffected in both the protocols (p > 0.05 vs. CTR).
3.2. Influence of ELF-EMF on fertilization process and early embryo development in vivo
On the basis of the in vitro experiments the minimum, maximum and TD50 intensities were identified in 0.5, 0.75 and 1 mT, respectively. These ELF field intensities were then used to test the effect of in vivo sperm exposure to ELF-EMF on the physiological process of fertilization and embryo development.
As summarized in Table 2, the percentage of zygotes (approximately 90%) and the incidence of polyspermy (about the 10%) were similar (p>0.05) in CTR conditions and in Protocol A and B performed with field intensities of 0.5 mT. At field intensities ≥0.75 mT the percentage of zygotes significantly decreased (∼70%) either in PA and PB, while the fertilization and the polyspermy rate remained similar to CTR (p > 0.05). For the highest field intensity (1 mT) also the fertilization resulted negatively affected. A decreased fertilization rate was found in PB (80% vs. 95% in CTR; p < 0.01) that resulted more evident when the oviducts were exposed in presence of spermatozoa (PA) (68% vs. 80%; p < 0.01). On the contrary, the polyspermy rate was unaffected in both the protocols (p > 0.05 vs. CTR).
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