Nevertheless, sample throughput is the major factor limiting
their extensive application.
Reducing analysis and operator time, retaining the detection
capabilities of stripping voltammetric methods, is a first challenging
task. It should be highlighted that extensive multielemental
analysis may be difficultly achieved: the use of mixed ligands [15]
or of sequential procedures [16] enabled the determination of up
to six elements in the same sample aliquot but advancement in
this direction may be difficultly foreseen. Accordingly, analysis and
operator time might be reduced by lowering the pretreatment
time (higher efficiency UV treatment unit [17], faster degassing
methods), lowering the deposition times (introducing more and
more efficient organic ligands) and making automated methods
available [18].
Sample size is the second fundamental limitation in the use of
voltammetric techniques. Standard procedures in ultratrace analysis
use 10 mL aliquots for quantification, whereas the CLE–CSV
speciation protocol requires the analysis of approximately 12
sample aliquots with increasing metal additions for an overall
volume of not less than 120 mL. Accordingly, reducing sample size
would assure the extension to limitedly available specimens,
concurrently reducing reagent consumption and possibly analysis
time, as is usually true for other analytical methods (e.g. micro and
Nevertheless, sample throughput is the major factor limiting
their extensive application.
Reducing analysis and operator time, retaining the detection
capabilities of stripping voltammetric methods, is a first challenging
task. It should be highlighted that extensive multielemental
analysis may be difficultly achieved: the use of mixed ligands [15]
or of sequential procedures [16] enabled the determination of up
to six elements in the same sample aliquot but advancement in
this direction may be difficultly foreseen. Accordingly, analysis and
operator time might be reduced by lowering the pretreatment
time (higher efficiency UV treatment unit [17], faster degassing
methods), lowering the deposition times (introducing more and
more efficient organic ligands) and making automated methods
available [18].
Sample size is the second fundamental limitation in the use of
voltammetric techniques. Standard procedures in ultratrace analysis
use 10 mL aliquots for quantification, whereas the CLE–CSV
speciation protocol requires the analysis of approximately 12
sample aliquots with increasing metal additions for an overall
volume of not less than 120 mL. Accordingly, reducing sample size
would assure the extension to limitedly available specimens,
concurrently reducing reagent consumption and possibly analysis
time, as is usually true for other analytical methods (e.g. micro and
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