3.2.3. Isoelectric point
3.2.4. Floc images
SEM and TEM images of aluminum and titanium flocs were provided for comparison. Titanium flocs in appearance were like a kind of white chemical precipitate, which showed stronger light scattering than the aluminum flocs. The SEM visuals (Fig. 7) showed that titanium flocs were also of a bulky and flocculent nature like aluminum flocs, and the TEM visuals (Fig. 8) showed that the pore in the microstructure of Ti-flocs roughly sized 30–80 nm, similar to that of the Al-flocs. It was thus suggested that titanium flocs might also have adsorptive and enmeshing abilities like aluminum flocculates. Both titanium and aluminum flocs were amorphous since no evidence of electron diffractions were found in the TEM observations.