the sample size is some three thousand observations larger for these estimation. Hemoglobin reflects the sufficiency of blood (or iron in the blood) through the body. The ingestion of particulate matter inflicts numerous tiny wounds on the lungs, and blood coagulates there to protect and heal them. With extra blood in the lungs, less is available to do the work of blood throughout the body, a condition apparent as reduced hemoglobin (Seaton et al., 1999).